Table 3.
Plasmodium falciparum parasite prevalence among apparently healthy children 0–15 years old enrolled between January 2011 and April 2015 from the north-central and northwest regions of Uganda
| Characteristics | Unadjusted | P | Adjusted* | P | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weighted (%) | Odds ratio (95% CI) | Odds ratio (95% CI) | ||||
| All subjects | 1142 | 54.8 | – | – | – | – |
| Age group, years | ||||||
| 0–5 | 326 | 52.0 | 1.00 | |||
| 6–10 | 572 | 58.2 | 1.29 (0.86–1.93) | |||
| 11–15 | 252 | 52.3 | 1.01 (0.56–1.85) | 0.185 | – | – |
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | 541 | 55.2 | 1.00 | |||
| Male | 609 | 54.5 | 0.97 (0.68–1.39) | 0.885 | – | – |
| Proximity to water | ||||||
| Far (>500 m) | 486 | 51.6 | 1.00 | |||
| Near (≤500 m) | 664 | 55.2 | 1.16 (0.63–2.12) | 0.631 | – | – |
| Population density | ||||||
| Low (<2683 children) | 753 | 59.1 | 1.00 | |||
| High (≥2683 children) | 397 | 46.0 | 0.59 (0.29–1.21) | 0.151 | – | – |
| Season | ||||||
| Dry season | 731 | 48.7 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Wet season | 419 | 69.1 | 2.35 (1.26–4.40) | 0.009 | 1.81 (0.95–3.46) | 0.076 |
| Region | ||||||
| North-central | 697 | 53.0 | 1.00 | |||
| Northwest | 453 | 57.8 | 1.21 (0.65–2.28) | 0.547 | – | – |
| Indoor residual spraying (IRS) sub-region | ||||||
| Not an IRS district | 737 | 65.7 | 1.00 | |||
| IRS district | 413 | 32.8 | 0.26 (0.14–0.46) | <0.001 | – | – |
| Indoor residual spraying (IRS) in house | ||||||
| More than a year ago | 752 | 64.4 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| In the past year | 392 | 34.0 | 0.28 (0.15–0.53) | <0.001 | 0.37 (0.14–1.03) | 0.061 |
| Sub-regions | ||||||
| 1 | 113 | 60.3 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 2 | 289 | 67.7 | 1.38 (0.68–2.78) | 1.30 (0.66–2.57) | ||
| 3 | 51 | 29.8 | 0.28 (0.07–1.15) | 0.25 (0.07–0.86) | ||
| 4 | 97 | 21.9 | 0.18 (0.08–0.45) | 0.43 (0.11–1.62) | ||
| 5 | 303 | 55.3 | 0.81 (0.39–1.69) | 1.10 (0.44–2.75) | ||
| 6 | 90 | 3.2 | 0.02 (0.00–0.10) | 0.03 (0.01–0.24) | ||
| 7 | 207 | 75.8 | 2.06 (0.77–5.52) | <.001 | 1.12 (0.43–2.89) | 0.001 |
| Mother’s education | ||||||
| Up to primary 4 | 581 | 53.6 | 1.00 | |||
| Primary 5 or higher | 565 | 56.4 | 1.12 (0.78–1.60) | 0.551 | – | – |
| Mother’s income (Ugandan shillings) | ||||||
| <30, 000 USHS | 560 | 59.0 | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | 1.00 | ||
| ≥30,000 USHS | 585 | 49.6 | 0.68 (0.47–1.00) | 0.055 | 0.57 (0.37–0.87) | 0.011 |
| Mosquito net used last night | ||||||
| No | 777 | 54.2 | 1.00 | – | ||
| Yes | 366 | 56.4 | 1.09 (0.64–1.87) | 0.743 | – | |
| Inpatient for malaria | ||||||
| No | 725 | 54.2 | 1.00 | |||
| Past 12 months | 150 | 42.8 | 0.63 (0.35–1.15) | |||
| More than 12 months | 269 | 63.1 | 1.45 (0.88–2.39) | 0.119 | – | – |
| Outpatient for malaria | ||||||
| No | 523 | 46.9 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Past 12 months | 532 | 60.4 | 1.73 (1.10–2.72) | 1.28 (0.82–2.01) | ||
| More than 12 months | 89 | 52.6 | 1.26 (0.53–2.99) | 0.064 | 1.00 (0.37–2.69) | 0.476 |
Dry season months were January to March and July to August; Wet season months were April to June and September to December. Mother’s income was estimated in Ugandan shillings (30,000 Ugandan shillings are approximately equal to 10 US dollars). Final adjusted models included all variables with P < 0.10 (season, IRS of insecticide, sub-region, mother’s income, and outpatient malaria treatment). IRS in the sub-region was not included in the model despite its unadjusted P < 0.001, since it was highly correlated with IRS in the house
Results with a two-sided P < 0.05 were considered statistically significant and those with P < 0.10 were considered as showing a trend towards significance. These results are shown in italics. * The adjusted models were fit including those variables with P < 0.10 in the unadjusted analysis to adjust their effects for each other. The significant or suggestive results in the adjusted models are shown in italics