Table 1.
Overview of procedures for processing and selection of surgically retrieved sperm
| Clinical procedure | Laboratory procedure | Specific sperm selection procedure | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Obstructive azoospermia | MESA/PESA | double washing or | |
| density gradient centrifugation | |||
| TESA/FNA | immediate use | ||
| TESE | mechanical processing + washing | ||
| Non-obstructive azoospermia | micro-TESE | mechanical processing + | |
| immediate use | immotile sperm selection if needed | ||
| TESE | mechanical processing + washing (or) | immotile sperm selection if needed | |
| mechanical processing + washing + ELB (or) | immotile sperm selection if needed | ||
| mechanical processing + enzymatic processing | |||
| + washing (+ ELB) | immotile sperm selection if needed: | ||
| - MTT | |||
| - HOST | |||
| - LAISS | |||
| - PTF/theophylline | |||
| - LAISS | |||
| - (BFM) |