Table 1.
Index Characteristics by GBV Reported at Index
| CSAb | NPSAc | IPVd | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | None (ref) |
Any GBV |
No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | |
| N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | |
| Characteristica | 2,838 | 1,099 (39) |
1,739 (61) |
1,238 (44) |
501 (18) |
988 (35) |
751 (26) |
392 (14) |
1,347 (47) |
|
Timing of enrollment and follow-up |
|||||||||
| Year of index visit | *** | *** | *** | *** | |||||
| 1994–1995 | 1,642 (58) |
539 (33) |
1,103 (67) |
752 (46) |
351 (21) |
593 (36) |
510 (31) |
284 (17) |
819 (50) |
| 2006–2007 | 863 (30) |
439 (51) |
424 (49) |
330 (38) |
94 (11) |
266 (31) |
158 (18) |
72 (8) |
352 (41) |
| 2011–2012 | 333 (12) |
121 (36) |
212 (64) |
156 (47) |
56 (17) |
129 (39) |
83 (25) | 36 (11) |
176 (53) |
| Years of follow-up, median (IQR) |
8 (4– 17) |
8 (4– 10) |
8 (4– 18)** |
8 (4– 18) |
8 (4– 18) |
8 (4– 18) |
8 (4– 18)** |
8 (4– 20) |
8 (4– 18)** |
| Demographics | |||||||||
| Age, median (IQR) | 37 (32–43) |
37 (30– 43) |
** 38 (32– 44) |
38 (32– 44) |
** 37 (32– 43) |
38 (32– 44) |
** 37 (32– 43) |
36 (31– 42) |
*** 38 (33– 44) |
| Race/ethnicity | ** | ** | *** | *** | |||||
| African-American | 1,853 (65) |
754 (41) |
1,099 (59) |
787 (42) |
312 (17) |
6,359(3 4) |
460 (25) |
247 (13) |
852 (46) |
| Hispanic/Latina | 546 (19) |
216 (40) |
330 (60) |
232 (42) |
97 (18) |
203 (37) |
127 (23) |
69 (13) |
261 (48) |
| Asian/Native American/Other |
99 (3) | 33 (33) | 66 (67) | 45 (45) | 21 (21) | 43 (43) | 23 (23) | 8 (8) | 58 (59) |
| White | 340 (12) |
96 (28) |
244 (72) |
174 (51) |
70 (21) |
103 (30) |
141 (41) |
68 (20) |
176 (52) |
| Sexual preference | *** | *** | *** | *** | |||||
| Heterosexual | 2450 (86) |
997 (41) |
1453 (59) |
1066 (44) |
387 (16) |
864 (35) |
589 (24) |
308 (13) |
1145 (47) |
| Lesbian/Bisexual/Othe r |
388 (14) |
102 (26) |
286 (74) |
172 (44) |
114 (29) |
124 (32) |
162 (42) |
84 (22) |
202 (52) |
| Structural factors | |||||||||
| Marital status | |||||||||
| Married or partnered | 958 (34) |
392 (41) |
566 (59) |
400 (42) |
166 (17) |
322 (34) |
244 (25) |
131 (14) |
435 (45) |
| Not married or partnered |
1,880 (66) |
707 (38) |
1,173 (62) |
838 (45) |
335 (18) |
666 (35) |
507 (27) |
261 (14) |
912 (49) |
| Education | |||||||||
| High school or higher | 1,832 (65) |
687 (38) |
1,145 (63) |
812 (44) |
333 (18) |
655 (36) |
490 (27) |
264 (14) |
881 (48) |
| Less than high school | 1,006 (35) |
412 (41) |
594 (59) |
426 (42) |
168 (17) |
333 (33) |
261 (26) |
128 (13) |
466 (46) |
| Housing status | *** | *** | *** | *** | |||||
| Stable | 2,588 (91) |
1,048 (40) |
1540 (60) |
1106 (43) |
434 (17) |
882 (34) |
658 (25) |
358 (14) |
1,182 (46) |
| Homeless or unstable | 250 (9) | 51 (20) |
199 (80) |
132 (53) |
67 (27) |
106 (42) |
93 (37) | 34 (14) |
165 (66) |
| Household annual income | *** | *** | *** | *** | |||||
| >$18,000 | 845 (30) |
388 (45) |
461 (55) |
340 (40) |
121 (14) |
250 (30) |
211 (25) |
121 (14) |
343 (40) |
| ≤$18,000 | 1,993 (70) |
715 (36) |
1,278 (64) |
898 (45) |
380 (19) |
738 (37) |
540 (27) |
269 (14) |
1,004 (51) |
| Employment status | *** | *** | *** | *** | |||||
| Employed | 860 (30) |
394 (46) |
466 (54) |
336 (39) |
130 (15) |
261 (30) |
205 (24) |
123 (14) |
343 (40) |
| Unemployed | 1,978 (70) |
705 (36) |
1,273 (64) |
902 (46) |
371 (19) |
727 (37) |
546 (28) |
269 (14) |
1,004 (51) |
|
Transactional sex and HIV status |
|||||||||
| Transactional sex ever | *** | *** | *** | *** | |||||
| Not reported | 1,764 (62) |
895 (51) |
869 (49) |
660 (37) |
209 (12) |
582 (33) |
287 (16) |
189 (11) |
680 (39) |
| Reported | 1,074 (38) |
204 (19) |
870 (81) |
578 (54) |
292 (27) |
406 (38) |
464 (43) |
203 (19) |
667 (62) |
| HIV status | |||||||||
| Seronegative | 740 (26) |
299 (40) |
441 (60) |
323 (44) |
118 (16) |
249 (34) |
192 (26) |
111 (15) |
330 (45) |
| Seropositive | 2,098 (74) |
800 (38) |
1,298 (62) |
915 (44) |
383 (18) |
739 (35) |
559 (27) |
281 (13) |
1,017 (48) |
| Substance use | |||||||||
| Alcohol use | ** | * | * | ** | |||||
| 7 or fewer drinks/week | 2,436 (86) |
975 (40) |
1461 (60) |
1,038 (43) |
423 (17) |
831 (34) |
630 (26) |
342 (14) |
1,119 (46) |
| More than 7 drinks/ week |
402 (14) |
124 (31) |
278 (69) |
200 (50) |
78 (19) |
157 (39) |
121 (30) |
50 (12) |
228 (57) |
| Any drug use | *** | *** | *** | *** | |||||
| Never | 564 (20) |
360 (64) |
204 (36) |
166 (29) |
38 (7) |
141 (25) |
63 (11) | 50 (9) |
154 (27) |
| More than 6 months ago |
1,271 (45) |
452 (36) |
819 (64) |
574 (45) |
245 (19) |
468 (37) |
351 (28) |
173 (14) |
646 (51) |
| Past 6 months | 1,003 (35) |
287 (29) |
716 (71) |
498 (50) |
218 (22) |
379 (38) |
337 (34) |
169 (17) |
547 (55) |
| Injected drug use | *** | *** | *** | *** | |||||
| Never | 1,947 (69) |
877 (45) |
1,070 (55) |
788 (40) |
282 (14) |
658 (34) |
411 (21) |
249 (13) |
821 (42) |
| More than 6 months ago |
722 (25) |
185 (26) |
537 (74) |
356 (49) |
181 (25) |
263 (36) |
274 (38) |
114 (16) |
423 (59) |
| Past 6 months | 169 (6) | 37 (22) |
132 (78) |
92 (55) | 38 (22) | 66 (39) | 66 (39) | 29 (17) |
103 (61) |
| Non-injected drug use | *** | *** | *** | *** | |||||
| Never | 623(22) |
390 (63) |
233 (37) |
190 (31) |
43 (7) |
158 (25) |
75 (12) | 55 (9) |
178 (29) |
| More than 6 months ago |
1,268 (45) |
440 (35) |
828 (65) |
576 (45) |
252 (20) |
474 (37) |
354 (28) |
174 (14) |
654 (52) |
| Past 6 months | 947 (33) |
269 (28) |
678 (72) |
472 (50) |
206 (22) |
356 (38) |
322 (34) |
163 (17) |
515 (54) |
| Marijuana use | *** | *** | *** | *** | |||||
| Never | 778 (27) |
456 (59) |
322 (41) |
259 (33) |
63 (8) |
211 (27) |
111 (14) |
74 (10) |
248 (32) |
| More than 6 months ago |
1,411 (50) |
453 (32) |
958 (68) |
656 (46) |
302 (21) |
538 (38) |
420 (30) |
210 (15) |
748 (53) |
| Past 6 months | 649 (23) |
190 (29) |
459 (71) |
323 (50) |
136 (21) |
239 (37) |
220 (34) |
108 (17) |
351 (54) |
| Crack/Cocaine/Heroin | *** | *** | *** | *** | |||||
| Never | 1,052 (37) |
599 (57) |
453 (43) |
337 (32) |
116 (11) |
309 (29) |
144 (14) |
109 (10) |
344 (33) |
| More than 6 months ago |
1,145 (40) |
340 (30) |
805 (70) |
559 (49) |
246 (21) |
438 (38) |
367 (32) |
173 (15) |
632 (55) |
| Past 6 months | 641 (23) |
160 (25) |
481 (75) |
342 (53) |
139 (22) |
241 (38) |
240 (37) |
110 (17) |
371 (58) |
Notes: Boldface indicates statistical significance
*
p<0.01;
**
p<0.001;
***
p<0.0001.
Overall column shows column percents in parentheses; all other columns show row percents in parentheses.
a
Multiple imputation was used to complete missing data described in methods.
b
Three groups are compared: (1) no GBV [None (ref)], (2) NPSA and/or IP but not CSA [No], (3) CSA with or without NPSA and/or IP [Yes]
c
Three groups are compared: (1) no GBV [None (ref)], (2) CSA and/or IP but not NPSA [No], (3) NPSA with or without CSA and/or IP [Yes]
d
Three groups are compared: (1) no GBV [None (ref)], (2) CSA and/or NPSA but not IP [No], (3) IP with or without CSA and/or NPSA [Yes]
IQR, interquartile range; GBV, gender-based violence; CSA, childhood sexual abuse; NPSA, non-partner sexual assault; IPV, intimate partner violence