. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Nov 1.

Published in final edited form as: Am J Prev Med. 2016 Aug 29;51(5):731–742. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2016.07.005

Table 2.

Incidence and Predictors of Sexual and Physical Violence Over Follow-up

	Sexual violence			Physical violence
	Incidence rate/100 person years	Adjusted Incidence Rate Ratio (aIRR)^a	95% CI	Incidence rate/ 100 person years	Adjusted Incidence Rate Ratio (aIRR)^a	95% CI
Total over the follow-up	1.6 (425/26,363)	--	--	3.8 (996/26,363)	--	--
Model 1: Dose Response (number of GBV types at index) ^a
0	0.7	1.00	--	1.8	1.00	--
1	1.3	1.44	0.96–2.14	3.4	1.60^***	1.25–2.04
2	2.5	2.16^***	1.45– 3.23	5.6	2.11^****	1.63–2.73
3	4.6	3.12^****	1.86–5.23	7.4	2.21^****	1.55–3.13
Model 2: Main Effects (type of GBV at index) ^a
None	0.7	1.00	--	1.8	1.00	--
CSA	2.4	1.17	0.88–1.56	5.2	1.14	0.95–1.37
IPV	2.2	1.69^***	1.26–2.26	4.8	1.38^***	1.16–1.65
NPSA	2.8	1.60^**	1.21–2.11	6.0	1.47^****	1.22–1.76
Model 3: GBV Polyvictimization groupings at index^a
None	0.7	1.00	--	1.8	1.00	--
CSA only	0.4	0.59	0.23–1.51	2.0	1.12	0.71–1.77
IPV only	1.2	1.44	0.93–2.23	3.2	1.61^***	1.24–2.08
NPSA only	1.7	1.74^*	1.01–2.99	4.4	1.76^**	1.24–2.48
IPV & NPSA only	2.9	2.45^****	1.57–3.82	6.1	2.19^****	1.64–2.93
CSA with IPV or NPSA	1.9	1.84^**	1.16–2.93	4.8	2.02^****	1.50–2.72
IPV, NPSA and CSA	4.6	3.17^****	1.89–5.31	7.4	2.23^****	1.57–3.19
Covariates included in all adjusted models (estimates presented from Model 3)
Timing of enrollment and follow-up
Years from index visit		0.92^****	0.90–0.95		0.91^****	0.90–0.93
Year of index visit
1994–1995	1.6	1.00	--	4.0	1.00	--
2006–2007	1.3	0.79	0.57–1.10	3.1	0.74^**	0.60–0.92
2011–2012	2.1	1.04	0.60–1.80	3.3	0.69^*	0.48–0.99
Demographics
Age at index visit (per 10 years)		0.87	0.74–1.03		0.71^****	0.63–0.80
Race/ethnicity
African-American	1.7	1.03	0.69–1.55	3.9	0.85	0.67–1.07
Hispanic/Latina	0.8	0.58^*	0.36–0.96	2.9	0.67^**	0.50–0.89
Asian/Native American/Other	3.3	1.61	0.79–3.26	4.4	0.76	0.49–1.20
White	1.8	1.00	--	4.7	1.00	--
Sexual identity: lesbian/bisexual/other	2.4 (vs. 1.5)	1.00	0.74–1.37	5.7 (vs. 3.5)	1.12	0.92–1.36
Structural factors
Not married or partnered^b	1.8 (vs. 1.3)	1.34^*	1.02–1.75	3.8 (vs. 3.8)	0.91	0.78–1.05
Less than high school education	1.5 (vs. 1.7)	0.90	0.68–1.18	4.3 (vs. 3.5)	1.01	0.85–1.19
Annual income less than $18,000^b	2.0 (vs. 1.0)	1.38^*	1.03–1.85	4.6 (vs. 2.4)	1.22^*	1.01–1.45
Housing status: unstable or housing^b	3.9 (vs. 1.5)	1.10	0.81–1.48	9.5 (vs. 3.4)	1.37^***	1.15–1.62
Not employed^b	1.8 (vs. 1.2)	0.81	0.60–1.09	4.6 (vs. 2.1)	1.38^**	1.14–1.67
Transactional sex and HIV status
HIV status	1.6 (vs. 1.5)	1.17	0.89–1.52	3.7 (vs. 4.1)	0.89	0.75–1.07
Transactional sex
Ever, reported at index visit	2.4 (vs. 1.2)	0.82	0.59–1.15	5.6 (vs. 2.7)	0.99	0.80–1.22
Recent transactional sex^b	12.2 (vs. 1.2)	2.98^****	2.12–4.19	18.2 (vs. 3.3)	1.29^*	1.03–1.61
Alcohol and drug use
Drank more than 7 drinks per week^b	2.4 (vs. 1.5)	0.80	0.60–1.07	7.6 (vs. 3.1)	1.44^****	1.21–1.71
Injected drug use at index visit	1.9 (vs. 1.5)	0.96	0.71–1.29	4.9 (vs. 3.3)	1.09	0.89–1.33
Non-injected drug use at index visit	1.9 (vs. 0.7)	1.24	0.76–2.02	4.4 (vs. 1.5)	1.30	0.95–1.78
Marijuana use^b	3.5 (vs. 1.1)	1.57^**	1.19–2.08	7.8 (vs. 2.7)	1.43^****	1.22–1.68
Crack/cocaine/heroin use^b	4.4 (vs. 1.1)	1.15	0.83–1.59	10.7 (vs. 2.6)	1.76^****	1.46–2.11
Opposite form of violence, same time period	--	6.56^****	4.84–8.88	--	4.57^****	3.70–5.63

Note: Boldface indicates statistical significance

p<0.05;

^**

p<0.01;

^***

p<0.001;

^****

p<0.0001

All models adjusted for the full set of covariates presented for model 3.

Time-varying

CSA, childhood sexual abuse; IPV, intimate partner violence; NPSA, non-partner sexual assault