Table 2.
Pathological and Immunological Features of Lentiviral Infections in Natural versus Pathogenic Hosts
| Feature | Natural Hosts | Asian NHPs | Humans |
|---|---|---|---|
| Progression to AIDS | No | Yes | Yes |
| Hypercoagulability | No | Yes | Yes |
| Comorbidities | Rare | Yes | Yes |
| Virus cytopathy | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Acute damage to gut epithelium | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Microbial translocation | No | Yes | Yes |
| Acute immune activation | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Acute anti-inflammatory milieu | Yes | No | No |
| Interferon response | Acute only | Yes | Yes |
| T-cell proliferation | Acute only | Yes | Yes |
| Chronic immune activation | No | Yes | Yes |
| Chronic inflammation | No | Yes | Yes |
| Peripheral CD4+ T-cell depletion | Acute only | +++ | +++ |
| Mucosal CD4+ T-cell depletion | ++ | +++ | +++ |
| CD4negCD8neg resistance to infection | Yes | No | No |
| CD4+ Th17-cell depletion | No | Yes | Yes |
| Tscm depletion | No | Yes | Yes |
| CD8+ T-cell response | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| CD20+ B-cell response | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Treg homeostasis | Yes | No | No |
| γδ T-cell anergy | No | Yes | Yes |