Table 1. Neonatal outcomes at delivery for the exercise- and the control group.
Continuous data is presented as mean and standard deviation (SD) with comparison between groups as mean difference with 95% confidence interval (CI) and p-value. Dichotomous data is presented as number (n) and percent (%) and comparison between groups as odds ratio (OR), with 95% CI and p-value.
| Neonatal outcomes | Exercise groupN = 38 | Control groupN = 36 | Between-group differences | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Mean ± SD | n | Mean ± SD | Mean diff | 95% CI | p-valuea | |
| Birth weight (g) | 37 | 3719 ± 695 | 36 | 3912 ± 413 | -193.04 | -460.96, 74.89 | 0.16 |
| Gestational age (weeks)b | 37 | 39.1 ± 2.3 | 36 | 39.5 ± 1.3 | -0.45 | -1.33, 0.43 | 0.31 |
| Length (cm) | 34 | 50.7 ± 1.7 | 36 | 51.1 ± 1.9 | -0.46 | -1.32, 0.39 | 0.28 |
| Head circumference (cm) | 35 | 35.9 ± 1.5 | 36 | 35.8 ± 1.5 | 0.18 | -0.53, 0.90 | 0.61 |
| Abdominal circumference (cm) | 32 | 32.1 ± 2.5 | 30 | 31.9 ± 2.1 | 0.12 | -1.03, 1.28 | 0.83 |
| Upper arm circumference (cm) | 32 | 11.4 ± 2.1 | 31 | 11.4 ± 1.0 | 0.03 | -0.79, 0.84 | 0.95 |
| Body mass index at birth (kg/m2) | 34 | 14.9 ± 1.3 | 36 | 15.0 ± 1.3 | -0.06 | -0.67, 0.56 | 0.86 |
| Body surface area (m2) | 34 | 0.23 ± 0.02 | 36 | 0.24 ± 0.02 | -0.003 | -0.011, 0.004 | 0.38 |
| Skinfold thickness triceps | 32 | 6.1 ± 2.0 | 30 | 6.3 ± 2.1 | -0.25 | -1.30, 0.79 | 0.63 |
| Skinfold thickness subscapularis | 32 | 5.4 ± 1.5 | 29 | 5.7 ± 1.9 | -0.26 | -1.13, 0.60 | 0.55 |
| Apgar score 1 minute | 36 | 8.4 ± 1.1 | 34 | 8.3 ± 1.7 | 0.15 | -0.53, 0.83 | 0.66 |
| Apgar score 5 minute | 36 | 9.6 ± 0.5 | 34 | 9.4 ± 1.2 | 0.20 | -0.24, 0.64 | 0.37 |
| Placenta weight (g) | 34 | 705.8 ± 165.4 | 32 | 666.7 ± 128.6 | 39.10 | -34.07, 112.28 | 0.29 |
| Placental weight ratioc | 34 | 0.18 ± 0.02 | 32 | 0.17 ± 0.03 | 0.01 | -0.001, 0.023 | 0.08 |
| n (%) | n (%) | OR | 95% CI | p-valuea | |||
| Birth weight > 4000 g | 37 | 13 (35) | 36 | 19 (53) | 1.4 | 0.88, 2.36 | 0.16 |
| Transfer to NICUd | 37 | 3 (8) | 34 | 3 (9) | 1.0 | 0.46, 2.41 | 0.91 |
| Preterm birthe | 38 | 2 (5) | 36 | 0 (0) | - | - | 0.49 |
aContinuous variables were analysed by Independent Samples t-test. Dichotomous variables were analysed by Fisher’s Exact Test and Pearson Chi-Square. Apgar score was analysed by Nonparametric Tests, Mann-Whitney U.
bWeeks between the first day of the mother’s last menstrual period and the day of delivery.
cPlacenta weight divided by birth weight.
dNeonatal Intensive Care Unit
eDelivery before gestational week 37.