Table 5.

Summary of main MRI findings.

MRI approaches	Findings
Structural MRI	Cortex
	Increased total GM and WM volumes
	Increased GM and WM volumes in frontal and temporal areas
	Increased cingulate cortex
	Atypical variation of cortical thickness in frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes
	Cerebellum and subcortical areas
	Cerebellum
	Increased total volume
	Increased GM volume
	Decreased WM density
	Amygdala
	Increased volumes in younger children bilaterally
	Trajectory of development of amygdala follows overall trajectory of TBV
	Corpus callosum
	Decreased overall size
	Increased regional volume
	Basal ganglia
	Increased caudate volume
	Atypical shapes of the structures
	Hippocampus
	Increased size of hippocampi in young children
	Enlargement located especially on the right side
	No difference between sides in older children
Diffusion tensor imaging	Decreased FA in the whole brain, frontal lobe, arcuate fasciculus, across the entire CC, and in anterior thalamic radiation
	Increased FA in arcuate fasciculus and in CC in young children
	Increased MD in whole brain, frontal and temporal lobes, and across the entire CC
Resting-state fMRI	Altered functional connectivity in the default mode network
	Hyper-connectivity in striatal-cortical circuitry, precuneus, cingulate cortex, and temporal-frontal circuity
	Under-connectivity in anterior-posterior connections
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy	Decreased NAA levels in general GM and WM, especially in frontal, temporal, cingulate, and caudate areas
	Decreased Cr+PCr levels in general GM and WM, especially in frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital cortex, and thalamus
	Decreased choline levels in cortical areas, temporal lobes, and thalamus
	Increased choline levels in caudate, anterior cingulate cortex, and hippocampus-amygdala complex
	Decreased Glx in GM of frontal, occipital, temporal cortex, and cerebellar regions
	Increased Glx in thalamus and putamen