Table 1. Metabolic markers of health across tertiles of total dairy consumption.
| Variable |
Low (1.25–180.6 g) |
Medium (181.3–323.2 g) |
High (324.2–1630.0 g) |
P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Mean ±s.e. | n | Mean ±s.e. | n | Mean ±s.e. | ||
| BMI (kg m−2) | 465 | 27.8c ±4.6 | 476 | 26.8c,d±5.4 | 470 | 26.7d±4.9 | <0.001 |
| Body fat (%) | 439 | 31.1c±0.7 | 442 | 27.6d±0.7 | 437 | 26.8d±0.5 | <0.001 |
| Muscle mass (kg) | 435 | 51.6±0.6 | 440 | 51.4±0.6 | 435 | 50.4±0.4 | 0.195 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 406 | 93.7c±11.0 | 428 | 91.0d±1.0 | 429 | 87.8e±13.4 | <0.001 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 408 | 0.89c±0.01 | 427 | 0.88d±0.01 | 429 | 0.86e±0.1 | <0.001 |
| BP—systolic (mmHg) | 425 | 126.4±0.7 | 446 | 125.6±0.8 | 430 | 123.3±0.8 | 0.02 |
| BP—diastolic (mmHg) | 427 | 80.0c±0.5 | 446 | 78.8c±0.5 | 430 | 76.4d±0.6 | <0.001 |
| Serum trigs (mmol l−1) | 195 | 1.3±0.05 | 234 | 1.3±0.05 | 302 | 1.3±0.05 | 0.968 |
| Serum total cholesterol (mmol l−1) | 195 | 4.96±1.0 | 235 | 4.86±1.0 | 302 | 4.99±0.9 | 0.247 |
| Serum direct HDL (mmol l−1) | 194 | 1.6±0.02 | 233 | 1.6±0.02 | 300 | 1.6±0.03 | 0.238 |
| LDL-C (calculated) (mmol l−1) | 192 | 2.85±0.9 | 231 | 2.7±0.9 | 298 | 2.8±0.8 | 0.253 |
| Serum glucose (mmol l−1) | 147 | 5.18c±0.6 | 185 | 5.24d±0.06 | 223 | 5.34d±0.07 | 0.216 |
| Serum insulin (μ IU ml−1) | 149 | 10.56c±0.64 | 183 | 7.71d±0.52 | 222 | 7.67d±0.51 | 0.001 |
| HOMAa | 147 | 2.5±0.2 | 185 | 2.1±0.2 | 231 | 1.9±0.2 | 0.062 |
| QUICKIb | 147 | 0.35c±0.01 | 185 | 0.36d±0.01 | 231 | 0.37d±0.01 | 0.001 |
| Serum IL2 (pg ml−1) | 103 | 2.01±0.2 | 115 | 1.6±0.19 | 156 | 1.5±0.2 | 0.188 |
| Serum IL6 (pg ml−1) | 134 | 2.0±0.3 | 174 | 1.9±0.3 | 203 | 2.1±0.3 | 0.732 |
| Serum IL10 (pg ml−1) | 136 | 1.1±0.2 | 172 | 0.93±0.2 | 217 | 1.0±0.2 | 0.619 |
| Serum leptin (ng ml−1) | 118 | 5.7c±0.5 | 150 | 4.2d±0.4 | 159 | 3.9d±0.6 | 0.033 |
| Serum resistin (ng ml−1) | 145 | 6.2±0.2 | 185 | 6.0±0.2 | 219 | 5.9±0.3 | 0.782 |
| Serum C-peptide (ng ml−1) | 145 | 2.33c±0.2 | 181 | 1.8d±0.2 | 216 | 1.8d±0.2 | 0.04 |
| Serum TNFA (pg ml−1) | 145 | 7.1±0.2 | 185 | 6.72±0.2 | 219 | 6.6±0.2 | 0.501 |
| Adiponectin (μg ml−1) | 149 | 6.09c±0.3 | 188 | 5.8c±0.2 | 232 | 6.8d±0.3 | 0.013 |
| Leptin soluble receptor (ng ml−1) | 149 | 27.1c±0.5 | 189 | 28.1d±0.5 | 232 | 29.0d±0.5 | 0.03 |
Abbreviations: ANCOVA, analysis of covariance; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HOMA, Homeostasis Model Assessment; IL, interleukin; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; QUICKI, Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index; SFA, saturated fat; TNFA, tumour necrosis factor alpha.
HOMA was calculated by (Glucose x Insulin) /22.5.
QUICKI was derived using the inverse of the sum of the logarithms of the fasting insulin and fasting glucose: different superscript (c, d, e) letters indicate significant differences between the groups after post hoc correction. Mean values were analysed across clusters via ANCOVA, adjusting for age, gender, energy intake, Healthy Eating Index, BMI, social class, % energy from SFA and smoking habits, where applicable. Bonferroni correction was applied during ANCOVA.
n are presented individually for each variable, as not all variables were available for all the subjects. Significant values P < 0.05 are shown in bold.