Table 3. Markers of metabolic health across clusters of dairy consumption.
| Variable |
Cluster 1 ‘Whole milk' |
Cluster 2 ‘Reduced fat milks and yogurt' |
Cluster 3 ‘Butter and cream' |
P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Mean±s.e. | n | Mean±s.e. | n | Mean±s.e. | ||
| Healthy Eating Index | 488 | 23.3c±8.5 | 371 | 28.0d±10.0 | 189 | 25.0e±9.4 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg m−2) | 601 | 26.9±4.6 | 512 | 27.3±5.4 | 239 | 227.1±4.9 | 0.474 |
| Body fat (%) | 589 | 29.3±9.1 | 497 | 29.1±8.9 | 231 | 29.2±8.9 | 0.593 |
| Muscle mass (kg) | 400 | 50.8±11.0 | 301 | 52.3±11.2 | 161 | 51.4±11.1 | 0.205 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 378 | 89.7±12.3 | 301 | 89.2±12.3 | 166 | 89.2±14.0 | 0.443 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 378 | 0.87±0.1 | 301 | 0.87±0.1 | 166 | 0.87±0.1 | 0.802 |
| BP—systolic (mmHg) | 249 | 123.41±1.0 | 205 | 125.42±1.2 | 164 | 120.6±1.6 | 0.053 |
| BP—diastolic (mmHg) | 249 | 78.2±10.7 | 205 | 77.7±10.5 | 105 | 76.9±10.8 | 0.338 |
| Serum trigs (mmol l−1) | 251 | 1.31c,d±0.05 | 212 | 1.36c±0.06 | 106 | 1.13d±0.07 | 0.028 |
| Serum total cholesterol (mmol l−1) | 264 | 4.94c ±0.07 | 216 | 5.16d±0.06 | 109 | 4.8c±0.1 | 0.015 |
| Serum direct HDL (mmol l−1) | 262 | 1.54±0.02 | 214 | 1.62±0.03 | 108 | 1.57±0.04 | 0.126 |
| LDL-C (calculated) (mmol l−1) | 259 | 2.80±0.06 | 213 | 2.91±0.07 | 108 | 2.72±0.09 | 0.217 |
| Serum glucose (mmol l−1) | 261 | 5.30±0.06 | 216 | 5.23±0.07 | 109 | 5.12±0.09 | 0.225 |
| Serum insulin (μ IU ml−1) | 234 | 9.00±0.46 | 205 | 8.74±0.54 | 106 | 9.51±0.70 | 0.689 |
| HOMAa | 259 | 2.28±0.15 | 216 | 2.18±0.17 | 107 | 2.37±0.22 | 0.791 |
| QUICKIb | 259 | 0.36±0.002 | 216 | 0.36±0.003 | 107 | 0.36±0.004 | 0.573 |
| Serum IL2 (pg ml−1) | 240 | 1.73±0.16 | 195 | 1.51±0.2 | 94 | 1.68±0.25 | 0.689 |
| Serum IL6 (pg ml−1) | 240 | 1.96±0.23 | 195 | 2.13±0.27 | 94 | 1.52±0.35 | 0.372 |
| Serum IL10 (pg ml−1) | 240 | 0.92±0.15 | 200 | 0.96±0.17 | 103 | 1.1±0.21 | 0.739 |
| Serum leptin (ng ml−1) | 252 | 5.14±0.46 | 210 | 4.29±0.53 | 106 | 4.9±0.71 | 0.473 |
| Serum resistin (ng ml−1) | 362 | 6.04±0.19 | 325 | 5.91±0.23 | 148 | 6.13±0.29 | 0.816 |
| Serum C-peptide (ng ml−1) | 174 | 2.0±0.13 | 134 | 1.86±0.16 | 74 | 2.27±0.21 | 0.289 |
| Serum TNFA (pg ml−1) | 252 | 7.23±0.16 | 210 | 6.55d±0.19 | 106 | 6.82d,e±0.24 | 0.023 |
| Adiponectin (μg ml−1) | 263 | 5.89±0.20 | 216 | 6.30±0.24 | 109 | 5.85±0.30 | 0.342 |
| Leptin soluble receptor (ng ml−1) | 264 | 27.51±6.0 | 216 | 28.7±7.1 | 109 | 28.1 ±6.6 | 0.056 |
Abbreviations: ANCOVA, analysis of covariance; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HOMA, Homeostasis Model Assessment; IL, interleukin; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; QUICKI, Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index; SFA, saturated fat.
HOMA was calculated by (Glucose x Insulin) /22.5.
QUICKI was derived using the inverse of the sum of the logarithms of the fasting insulin and fasting glucose: mean values were analysed across clusters via ANCOVA, adjusting for age, gender, energy intake, Healthy Eating Index, smoking and BMI, where applicable (i.e., not line 1 or 2). Different superscript (c, d, e) letters indicate Bonferroni correction was applied during ANCOVA. Significant differences between the groups after post hoc correction.
Ns are presented individually for each variable, as not all variables were available for all the subjects. Figures are shown for fasted samples only. Significant values P < 0.05 are shown in bold.