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(a) T. penzigi workers on domatium. (b) V. drepanolobium sapling. (c) Resident ant colonies defend host plants against damage by large mammalian herbivores. (d) Kitengela and Mpala field sites are located approximately 190 km apart. (e,f) T. penzigi ants (TP) removed significantly more fungus than either C. mimosae ants (CM) or C. nigriceps ants (CN). Removal of agar growth medium for Phoma fungal isolates was negligible.
