Phylogenetic trees of subsets of Chaetothyriales strains generated by maximum-likelihood analysis based on three markers (ITS, Bt2, EF1). (a) Subset for the family Cyphellophoraceae. (b) Subset for the family Trichomeriaceae. (c) and (d) Subsets for the family Herpotrichiellaceae. Clades corresponding to MOTUs (more than 99% ITS similarity) are highlighted in grey. Those MOTUs that contain strains from various ant genera or continents are named. Bootstrap values above 70% are added to supported branches. Strong support values (100% BS) are indicated by black dots. Each label of an ant-associated strain corresponding to an undescribed species from carton or domatia is composed of the name of the strain, the name of the ant and the name of the host plant (if any). Names of strains from Africa, America and Southeast Asia are represented in green, orange and magenta, respectively. Strains from carton, domatia and attine ants have blue, red and yellow branches, respectively.