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Sketch map of possible mechanisms under which MG132 attenuates DN. MG132 inhibits proteasome activity, leading to the upregulation of Nrf2 and IκB. For one thing, antioxidant genes, such as NQO-1, are activated due to the upregulation of Nrf2; therefore, renal oxidative damage is reduced. On the other hand, NF-κB is downregulated secondary to the upregulation of IκB, resulting in the reduction of inflammation. Consequently, MG132 alleviates diabetic nephropathy.
