Abstract
[Purpose] This study examined the effect of belly dancing on the urinary incontinence-related muscles and vaginal pressure in middle-aged women to provide fundamental data for establishing an effective training program focusing on mitigating and preventing urinary incontinence. [Subjects and Methods] The subjects included 24 middle-aged women, who have been diagnosed with urinary incontinence. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups, viz. the experimental group (N=12) and control group (N=12). The experimental group underwent a belly dancing program focusing on pelvis moves. [Results] In the experimental group, the urinary incontinence-related muscle strength and vaginal pressure were increased, while the control group showed no significant change. [Conclusion] Belly dancing focusing on pelvis moves had a positive effect on the urinary incontinence-related muscle strength and vaginal pressure, suggesting that a recreational dance program focusing on pelvic exercise can be used to prevent and relieve the symptoms of urinary incontinence as a non-surgical treatment.
Key words: Urinary incontinence, Pelvis, Vaginal pressure
INTRODUCTION
Today, many middle-aged women suffer from urinary incontinence, because of the decrease in the strength of their pelvic floor and urethral sphincter muscles due to pregnancy, delivery and aging1,2,3,4). Urologic diseases, particularly urinary incontinence, tend to decrease people’s self-esteem and cause them to feel anxiety and humiliation1, 2). The number of urinary incontinence patients has gradually increased every year and a medical industry has grown up around this problem1, 2). In other words, more and more people are likely to be diagnosed with urinary incontinence and incur a heavy financial burden attempting to treat it1, 2). Urinary incontinence can be mitigated by several types of treatment, including surgery, medication, and behavior therapy3, 4). Particularly, behavior therapy, such as pelvic muscle strength training, is actively applied as a primary treatment, since it tends to have a lower incidence of side effects compared to surgical treatment or medication3, 4). Although physical exercise is recommended for patients, muscle strength training through dumbbells or weight machines would increase the possibility of injury among middle-aged females with diminished physical ability2). In addition, physical exercise programs need to be more interesting and recreational if they are to succeed in engaging the continuous participation of the patients. Thus, this study investigated the effect of pelvic muscle strength training through belly dancing, one of well-known recreational dances, on the urinary incontinence-related muscles and vaginal pressure in middle-aged women, in order to provide practical data for establishing an effective training program focusing on mitigating and preventing urinary incontinence.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS
A total of 24 middle-aged women, who were diagnosed with urinary incontinence by doctor, from D city, South Korea participated in this study. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups: the experimental group (N=12; age=52.3 ± 4.1 yrs; height=157.3 ± 2.2 cm; weight 59.2 ± 3.4 kg) and the control group (N=12; age=51.4 ± 5.1 yrs; height=158.4 ± 3.2 cm; weight 59.8 ± 2.9 kg). The experimental group was requested to participate in a belly dancing program (90 min, 2 times a week, for 12 weeks), while the control group did not participate in such a program. The belly dancing program, focusing on pelvic muscle strength training (Table 1), was established with two sports training and conditioning experts and three current belly dancing instructors. The intensity of the training was decided by rating the perceived exertion (Rating of Perceive Exertion: RPE)5). The RPE was gradually increased from 8 to 14 (week 1 to 2: RPE 8–10, week 3 to 8: RPE 11–12, week 9 to 12: RPE 13–14). All of the subjects underwent the measurement of their vaginal pressure and urinary incontinence-related muscles pre- and post-experiment. Their vaginal pressure was measured by vaginal pressure measurement equipment (HMT-2000, HMT, Korea). Particularly, the maximum pressure and duration of their pelvic floor muscle contraction were recorded by one well-trained and experienced nurse. The strength of their urinary incontinence-related muscles, specifically their adductor muscle, was measured by a one repetition maximum strength test (80% of 1 Repetition Maximum) by using a hip adductor weight machine (T-8003, TechnoGym, Italy) after sufficient warm-up exercises. The data obtained were processed using SPSS 18.0. and standard deviations of the two groups were calculated and the paired t-test was conducted to examine the difference between the pre- and post-experimental values. Values of p<0.05 were considered statistically significant. All of the subjects were educated about the content and purpose of the experiment and provided written informed consent before beginning the study, in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.
Table 1. Belly dance exercise program.
| Type | Exercise | Time (min) |
|---|---|---|
| Warm-up | Leg shimmy, body shimmy, pelvic tilt, hip drop/lift, hip slide, hip thrust, hip circle, hip bump | 20 |
| Belly dance moves | Leg shimmy, body shimmy, pelvic tilt, hip drop/lift, hip slide, hip thrust hip circle, hip bump, hip twist, belly roll, undulation, figure eight rib cage, hip shimmy, choo choo-shimmy | 60 |
| Cool-down | Same as warm-up | 10 |
Intensity=RPE 8–10 (Week 1 to 2), RPE 11–12 (Week 3 to 8), RPE 13–14 (week 9 to 12)
RESULTS
The results of the paired t-test by group are presented in Table 2. After 12 weeks of the belly dancing intervention, the experimental group showed a significant difference between their pre- and post-experiment values, while the control group did not demonstrate any significant change. Firstly, the maximum pressure of the pelvic floor muscle contraction was significantly increased from 18.7 ± 1.5 mmHg to 32.5 ± 3.6 mmHg in the experimental group (p<0.05). Secondly, the experimental group showed a significant increase in the duration of their maximum pelvic floor muscle contraction from 3.9 ± 0.5 sec to 6.6 ± 0.4 sec. Thirdly, the one repetition maximum of the adductor muscle was significantly increased from 8.4 ± 0.7 to 12.5 ± 0.7.
Table 2. Result of pared t-test.
| Type | Baseline | 12 weeks | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exercise group (N=12) | Adductor muscle (repeat) | 8.35 ± 0.65 | 12.54 ± 0.70** |
| Maximum vaginal contraction pressure (mmHg) | 18.70 ± 1.50 | 32.50 ± 3.59** | |
| Maximum vaginal contraction duration (sec) | 3.88 ± 0.50 | 6.55 ± 0.35** | |
| Control group (N=12) | Adductor muscle (repeat) | 8.55 ± 0.50 | 8.53 ± 0.65 |
| Maximum vaginal contraction pressure (mmHg) | 19.50 ± 1.75 | 19.35 ± 2.30 | |
| Maximum vaginal contraction duration (sec) | 3.95 ± 0.20 | 3.91 ± 0.27 | |
Values are mean ± SD. Significantly different (**p<0.001) between pre and post in the experimental group.
DISCUSSION
About 55.7% of Korean middle-aged women experience symptoms of urinary incontinence, which is considered as one of the most important health issues around the world by the World Health Organization (WHO) and needs to be controlled consistently6, 7). For instance, over 30%, 50% and 53.7% of middle-aged women in the U.S., Canada and Taiwan, respectively, are considered as urinary incontinence patients8,9,10).
Thus, this study tried to examine the effect of a belly dancing program on the urinary incontinence-related muscles and vaginal pressure in middle-aged women. The result of this study indicated that 12 weeks of the belly dancing intervention significantly increased the maximum pressure of the pelvic floor muscle contraction and its duration and the adductor muscle strength. This result supports those of previous studies. According to Lee & Lee’s study11), 10 weeks of pelvic exercise increased the maximum pressure of the pelvic floor muscle contraction among middle-aged women. Mun et al.12) also found that the degree of urinary incontinence was improved by a pelvic muscle exercise intervention, due to the resulting increased maximum pressure of the pelvic floor muscle contraction and its duration. Shin & Park13) indicated that 12 weeks of pelvic exercise significantly improved many symptoms of urinary incontinence, such as urinary frequency and nocturia. Na et al.2) found that the weakened muscles around the pelvis caused by aging and delivery could be strengthened through regular physical activity, thereby, in turn, relieving or preventing urinary incontinence. Ko et al.14) suggested that belly dancing, in particular, increases the bone density in middle-aged women. Yoon et al.15) found that 6 weeks of adductor exercise increased the adductor muscle strength and pressure of the pelvic floor muscle contraction, showing similar effects to the Kegel and other sphincter exercises.
In conclusion, a regular pelvic exercise program could be actively applied as an effective non-surgical treatment for urinary incontinence. This study included a pelvic exercise program, in the form of recreational dancing, that females could follow more easily and participate in for longer by engaging their interest. Although the results of this study indicated the effectiveness of pelvic exercise in reducing urinary incontinence, more specific and diverse research is necessary to identify how such exercises can be tuned to the patient’s individual characteristics (e.g., age, gender, previous exercise experience, degree of urinary incontinence, etc.). In addition, future study would identify the effect of exercise on urinary incontinence by types such as stress, urge, overflow, and functional incontinence.
REFERENCES
- 1.Kim YS, Kang KS: Effects of a self-efficacy promotion program for management of urinary incontinence on the degrees of incontinence, self-efficacy and quality of life. J Kor Acad Rural Health Nurs, 2010, 21: 92–101. [Google Scholar]
- 2.Na SH, Chon GY, Yoon YB, et al. : The effects of ‘Home adductor’ exercise on lower limbs adductor muscle and maximum vaginal corraction pressure in elder women. Kor Coach Dev Cent, 2010, 3: 189–200. [Google Scholar]
- 3.Sampselle CM: Behavioral intervention for urinary incontinence in women: evidence for practice. J Midwifery Womens Health, 2000, 45: 94–103. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Miller CA: Nursing care of older adults: theory and practice. Glenview: Brown Higher Education, 1990. [Google Scholar]
- 5.American College of Sports Medicine (ed.): ACSM’s health-related physical fitness assessment Manual. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- 6.Roe BH: What choices in care for the incontinent? World Health Forum, 1992, 13: 81–83. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.Song HJ: The condition of urinary incontinence of Korean women and factor analysis of urinary incontinence influence on quality of life. Kor Acad Nurs Spring Conference, Seoul, South Korea, 2001.
- 8.Sze EH, Jones WP, Ferguson JL, et al. : Prevalence of urinary incontinence symptoms among black, white, and Hispanic women. Obstet Gynecol, 2002, 99: 572–575. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Durrant J, Snape J: Urinary incontinence in nursing homes for older people. Age Ageing, 2003, 32: 12–18. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10.Chen GD, Lin TL, Hu SW, et al. : Prevalence and correlation of urinary incontinence and overactive bladder in Taiwanese women. Neurourol Urodyn, 2003, 22: 109–117. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11.Lee PK, Lee SJ: A study on the effect of the pelvic floor muscle exercise for female incontinence. Kor Sport Res, 2005, 16: 313–318. [Google Scholar]
- 12.Mun MS, Park MS, Park JS, et al. : A study on the effect of the pelvic floor muscle exercise for urinary incontinence in adult women. Kor J Wom Health, 2002, 3: 141–165. [Google Scholar]
- 13.Shin KR, Park SY: A study on the effect of the pelvic floor muscle exercise for urinary incontinence women. Kor J Wom Health, 2004, 6: 91–111. [Google Scholar]
- 14.Ko JR, Lee HM, Jeon JY, et al. : The effects of Bellydance on the blood components, deoxypyridinoline, osreocalcin in middle age women. J Life Sci, 2007, 17: 1739–1743. [Google Scholar]
- 15.Yoon JR, Lee MS, Lee MJ: The influence of pelvic strength exercise on adductor muscle, pelvic floor muscle and muscle activities in women of childbirth experience. Kor J Exerc Rehabil, 2010, 6: 163–173. [Google Scholar]