. 2016 Dec 23;13:58–71. doi: 10.1016/j.btre.2016.12.006

Table 3.

Remediation strategies and efficiencies.

Remediation Strategy	Consortial Source and Specifics	Bacterial species	Heavy Metals Adsorbed	Remediation Efficiency	Reference
HOMOGENOUS CONSORTIAL EPS		Methylobacterium organophilum	Copper,Lead	21% Cu²⁺,18% Pb²⁺ removal from 0.04 ppm initial metal load	[41]
		Herminiimonas arsenicoxydans	Arsenic	Upto 5 mmol/L metal ion uptake	[54]
	Activated sludge isolates	Pseudomonas sp	Copper	N.A	[48]
	Marine bacteria	Enterobacter cloaceae	Cadmium,Copper, Chromium	65% Cd²⁺,20% Cu²⁺; 75% Cr⁶⁺ reduction from 100 ppm initial metal load	[30], [34]
		Shewenella oneidensis	Cadmium	80% Cd²⁺ removal	[31]
	Cyanobacteria	Anabaena spiroides	Manganese	8.52 mg Mn²⁺/g EPS	[23]
		Gloeocapsa gelatinosa	Lead	82.22 ± 4.82 mg Pb²⁺/g CPS	[80]
		Calothrix marchica	Lead	65 mg Pb²⁺/g CPS	[82]
		Cyanospira capsulate (Cells + EPS)	Copper	115 mg Cu²⁺/g EPS at 12.3 ppm initial metal load	[17]
		Nostoc PCC7936	Copper	85.0 ± 3.2 mg Cu²⁺/g EPS at 12.3 ppm initial metal load
		Gloeocapsa calcarea	Chromium	36 mg Cr⁶⁺/g EPS at 20 ppm initial metal load	[87]
		Nostoc punctiforme	Chromium	90.05 mg Cr⁶⁺/g EPS
		Lyngbya putealis	Chromium	157 mg/g of EPS Cr⁶⁺at 30 ppm initial load	[42]
		Pseudomonas putida	Cadmium	80% Cd²⁺ at 10 ppm initial	[39]
		Rhizobium. tropici	Cadmium	80% Cd²⁺ at 10 ppm initial
	Soil isolates	Bacillus firmus	Lead, Copper, Zinc	1103 mg Pb²⁺/g EPS (98.3%,), 860 mg Cu²⁺/g EPS (74.9%), 722 mg Zn²⁺/g EPS (61.8%)	[84]
		Azotobacter chroococcum	Lead,Mercury	40.48% Pb²⁺(33.5 mg Pb²⁺/g of EPS); 47.87% Hg²⁺ (38.9 mg of Hg/g EPS)	[79].
		Ensifer meliloti	Lead, Nickel, Zinc	89% Pb²⁺, 85% Ni²⁺, 66% Zn²⁺ reduction from 50 ppm initial load	[47]
	GRAS status	Paenibacillus jamilae	Lead, Cadmium	200–300 mg Pb²⁺/g EPS, 21 mg Cd²⁺/g of EPS	[60], [75]
		Paenibacillus polymyxa	Copper	1602 mg Cu²⁺/g EPS	[1]
		Lactobacillus plantarum	Lead	276.44 mg Pb²⁺/g EPS, at 1000 ppm initial metal load	[21]

HETEROGENUS CONSORTIAL EPS	Activated sludge mixed consortia		Zinc, Copper, Chromium Cadmium	85 to 95% reduction from initial metal load of 10–100 ppm	[50]
			Lead Cadmium	N.A	[29]
	Gram negative microbial consortia		Zinc, lead, Chromium, Nickel, Copper, Cadmium Cobalt	75 to 78% reduction in metal load	[28]
	Hydrocarbon contaminated water microbial consortium		Zinc, Copper, Cadmium	87.12% Cd²⁺; 19.82% of Zn²⁺; 37.64% of Cu²⁺ reduction from 1 ppm initial metal load	[56]

DEAD BIOMASS EPS	Activated sludge isolate	Ochrobactrum anthropi	Chromium, Cadmium, Copper	57.8 mg Cr⁶⁺/g EPS at initial metal load of 280 ppm, 26 mg Cu²⁺/g EPS at initial metal load of 91.6 ppm 29.5 mg Cd²⁺/g EPS at 100.6 ppm initial metal load	[71]
		Bacillus cereus	Chromium	89.87% reduction from initial metal load of 50 ppm	[92]
		Bacillus pumilus	Chromium	89.23% reduction from initial metal load of 50 ppm
		Pantoea agglomerans	Chromium	85.5% reduction from initial metal load of 50 ppm

IMMOBILIZED EPS	Alginate bead immobilized	Chryseomonas luteola	Cadmium, Cobalt, Copper, Nickel	64.10 mg Cd²⁺/g EPS 55.25 mg Co²⁺/g of EPS 1.989 mmol Cu²⁺/g EPS 1.224 mmol Ni²⁺/g EPS	[72], [73]
	Agar Beads immobilized	Paenibacillus polymyxa	Lead	111.11 mg Pb²⁺/g EPS	[32]

MODIFIED EPS	Phosphorylated bacterial EPS (cellulose)	Acetobacter	Lead, Copper, Manganese, Zinc, Cobalt	90% reduction from initial metal load of 0.1 mmol/dm3 (Fe³⁺ > Cu²⁺ > Mn²⁺ > Zn²⁺; Co²⁺)	[70]