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. 2017 Mar 22;7:44913. doi: 10.1038/srep44913

Table 4. Estimation of coefficients, standard error, and test of significance for the double-exponential decay model* for prediction of pollen-mediated gene flow from glyphosate-resistant common waterhemp under field conditions.

Coefficients† Estimate Std. Error z value P-value‡
β0 −3.49 0.11 −33.21 <2.0e-16**
β1 0.32 0.04 8.18 <2.0e-16**
γ1 −1.25 0.12 −10.55 <2.0e-16**
β2 0.48 0.10 4.62 3.9e-06**
γ2 −0.20 0.05 −3.65 <0.001**
β2: Direction N 0.95 0.10 9.61 <2.0e-16**
β2: Direction NE 1.13 0.11 10.38 <2.0e-16**
β2: Direction NW 0.99 0.10 9.65 <2.0e-16**
β2: Direction S 0.59 0.10 5.70 1.2e-08**
β2: Direction SE 0.69 0.13 5.42 6.1e-08**
β2: Direction SW −0.32 0.13 −2.41 0.02*
β2: Direction W 0.98 0.12 8.18 <2.0e-16**
γ2: Direction N 0.10 0.05 1.91 0.06
γ2: Direction NE 0.15 0.05 2.91 0.004**
γ2: Direction NW 0.13 0.05 2.55 0.01*
γ2: Direction S 0.17 0.05 3.24 0.001**
γ2: Direction SE −0.03 0.07 −0.51 0.61
γ2: Direction SW 0.04 0.08 0.51 0.61
γ2: Direction W 0.06 0.05 1.10 0.27
β2: Year 2 0.13 0.06 2.08 0.04*
γ2: Year 2 0.09 0.03 3.24 0.001**
β2: Direction N:Year 2 −0.41 0.07 −5.66 1.5e-08**
β2: Direction NE:Year 2 −0.67 0.08 −8.17 <2.0e-16**
β2: Direction NW:Year 2 −0.46 0.08 −6.02 1.8e-09**
β2: Direction S:Year 2 −0.35 0.08 −4.37 1.2e-05**
β2: Direction SE:Year 2 −0.52 0.11 −4.94 7.7e-07**
β2: Direction SW:Year 2 0.07 0.09 0.79 0.43
β2: Direction W:Year 2 −0.67 0.10 −6.94 4.0e-12**
γ2: Direction N:Year 2 −0.04 0.03 −1.57 0.12
γ2: Direction NE:Year 2 −0.07 0.03 −2.58 0.01*
γ2: Direction NW:Year 2 −0.06 0.03 −2.20 0.03*
γ2: Direction S:Year 2 −0.09 0.03 −3.12 0.001**
γ2: Direction SE:Year 2 0.01 0.03 0.35 0.73
γ2: Direction SW:Year 2 −0.01 0.04 −34 0.73
γ2: Direction W:Year 2 −0.02 0.03 −0.76 0.45

*Inline graphic + Inline graphic, where pi is frequency of gene flow of the ith observation; β0 is the overall intercept; β1 and β2 are the intercepts for the first and second instances, respectively; and γ1, and γ2 are the decay rates.

†β2 and γ2 vary with the direction and the year. In this table, β2 and γ2 show the intercept and decay rate, respectively, for one direction (East) in year 1 (2013). However, “β2:Direction”, or “β2:Year 2” denote the change (from East direction and year 1) in β2 for other directions and year 2 (2014), respectively. The same is true for γ2.

‡P-values show the test of significance at P < 0.05 (*) and P < 0.01 (**).