Table 1.
Characteristics by Race and Ethnicity of Older Nursing Home Admissions Free of a Pressure Ulcer at Admission Followed for Developing One.
| Variable/scale
|
MDS item (range of score) | American Indian/Alaskan Native
|
Asian/Pacific Islander
|
Black Non-Hispanic
|
Hispanic
|
White Non-Hispanic
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of admissions | n = 440 | n = 1,490 | n = 7,113 | n = 1,511 | n = 80,021 | |
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age at admissiona | AA3, AB1 | 78.8 (8.3) | 82.6 (7.2) | 80.13 (8.25) | 79.9 (8.2) | 81.9 (7.5) |
| Female gender | AA2 | 247 (56.1) | 904 (60.7) | 4,396 (61.8) | 852 (56.4) | 53,475 (66.8) |
| ≥High school education | AB7 | 156 (35.5) | 780 (52.3) | 2,437 (34.3) | 483 (32.0) | 49,704 (62.1) |
| Function/mobility | ||||||
| Activities of daily living deficit score (J. N. Morris, Fries, & Morris, 1999)a | G1aA, G1bA, G1eA, G1gA, G1hA, G1iA, G1jA (Range 0–28) | 13.0 (8.3) | 17.8 (6.4) | 16.0 (8.3) | 15.3 (7.9) | 14 (7.6) |
| Bedfast/transfer dependency | G6a, G6d | 68 (15.5) | 152 (10.2) | 1,254 (17.7) | 229 (15.2) | 7,855 (9.8) |
| Plegia or pareses—any | I1v, I1x, I1z | 27 (6.1) | 292 (19.6) | 770 (10.8) | 170 (11.3) | 4,551 (5.7) |
| Restraint use—any | P4c-e | 11 (2.5) | 113 (7.6) | 334 (4.7) | 75 (5.0) | 2,536 (3.2) |
| Side rail use—any | P4a-b | 203 (46.1) | 1,208 (81.1) | 4,973 (69.9) | 1,108 (73.4) | 49,449 (61.8) |
| Vision impairment | D1, D2a, D2b | |||||
| Number of indicators | ||||||
| 1 | 99 (22.5) | 362 (24.3) | 1,905 (26.8) | 337 (22.3) | 17,314 (21.6) | |
| 2 | 40 (9.1) | 162 (10.9) | 761 (10.7) | 140 (9.3) | 6,242 (7.8) | |
| ≥3 | 46 (10.5) | 110 (7.4) | 736 (10.3) | 117 (7.7) | 4,654 (5.8) | |
| Cognition/emotion | ||||||
| Cognitive deficits score MDS–Cognition Scale (Hartmaier, Sloane, Guess, & Koch, 1994)a | B2a, B2b, B3b, B3d, B3e, B4, C4, G1gA (Range 0–10) | 3.0 (2.9) | 3.6 (2.8) | 3.9 (3.0) | 3.3 (3.1) | 2.9 (2.9) |
| Communication difficulties score adapted from Hopper, Bayles, Harris, & Holland (2001)a | C1, C5, C6, C3b-f, (Range 0–9) | 1.4 (1.7) | 2.1 (1.9) | 1.4 (1.7) | 1.5 (1.7) | 1.2 (1.5) |
| Delirium | B5a-f, B6, E5 | |||||
| Minimum Data Set-Confusion Assessment Method (MDS-CAM) (Dosa, Intrator, McNicoll, Cang, & Teno, 2007) | ||||||
| Subsyndromal delirium level 1 | 82 (18.6) | 273 (18.3) | 983 (13.8) | 209 (13.8) | 11,521 (14.4) | |
| Subsyndromal delirium level 2 | 38 (8.6) | 230 (15.4) | 622 (8.7) | 97 (6.4) | 8,095 (10.1) | |
| Full delirium | 3 (0.7) | 14 (0.9) | 48 (0.7) | 5 (0.3) | 764 (1.0) | |
| Depression—any (Burrows, Morris, Simon, Hirdes, & Phillips, 2000) | E1a, E1d, E1f, E1h, E1i, E1l, E1m | 120 (27.3) | 212 (14.2) | 1,470 (20.7) | 300 (19.9) | 22,144 (27.7) |
| Discomfort behavior score (Stevenson, Brown, Dahl, Ward, & Brown, 2006)a | E1c, E1k, E1l-p, E4a-eA, E4a-eB, (Range 0–102) | 5.3 (9.6) | 3.4 (7.6) | 4.1 (8.8) | 3.8 (8.2) | 4.3 (8.8) |
| Physical | ||||||
| Acute condition—any | J5b | 92 (20.9) | 466 (31.3) | 1,366 (19.2) | 277 (18.3) | 22,287 (27.9) |
| Body mass indexa | K2a-b | 25.5 (5.1) | 22.9 (3.7) | 25.5 (5.4) | 25.8 (5.0) | 25.4 (5.1) |
| Bowel problems | I2b, H2b-d | 65 (14.8) | 500 (33.6) | 850 (11.9) | 238 (15.8) | 15,698 (19.6) |
| Catheter—indwelling | H3d | 53 (12.0) | 210 (14.1) | 910 (12.8) | 236 (15.6) | 11,490 (14.4) |
| Comorbidity index Charlson Index (Charlson, Pompei, Ales, & MacKenzie, 1987)a | I3a-e, and/or I1, (Range 0–30) | 2.1 (1.6) | 2.2 (1.8) | 2.3 (1.7) | 2.3 (1.8) | 1.8 (1.6) |
| Fever in last 7 days | J1h | 13 (3.0) | 86 (5.8) | 209 (2.9) | 33 (2.2) | 3,062 (3.8) |
| Incontinence—any (Bliss et al., 2013) | H1a-H1b | 182 (41.4) | 921 (61.8) | 4,233 (59.5) | 763 (50.5) | 33,942 (42.4) |
| Incontinence—dual | H1a and H1b | 106 (24.1) | 636 (42.7) | 3,004 (42.2) | 496 (32.8) | 19,442 (24.3) |
| Incontinence—only fecal | H1a | 32 (7.3) | 95 (6.4) | 588 (8.3) | 127 (8.4) | 4,884 (6.1) |
| Incontinence—only urinary | H1b | 44 (10.0) | 190 (12.8) | 641 (9.0) | 140 (9.3) | 9,616 (12.0) |
| Mortality risk | J1c, J1g, J1l, J1o, K3a, K4c, | 1.4 (1.19) | 2.1 (1.0) | 1.5 (1.1) | 1.5 (1.1) | 1.8 (1.1) |
| Changes in Health, End-stage disease and Symptoms and Signs (CHESS) (Hirdes, Frijters, & Teare, 2003)a | J5c, B6, G9 (Range 0–5) | |||||
| Medications, Number per weeka | O4a-e (Range 0–35) | 4.9 (5.4) | 2.9 (4.3) | 5.2 (5.6) | 4.9 (5.6) | 6.4 (6.0) |
| Oxygenation problems, No. of indicators | J1b, J1k-l, P1ag P1ai-j, P1al, P1bdA | |||||
| 1 | 39 (8.9) | 152 (10.2) | 678 (9.5) | 165 (10.9) | 9,961 (12.4) | |
| 2 | 38 (8.6) | 60 (4.0) | 400 (5.6) | 109 (7.2) | 6,382 (8.0) | |
| ≥3 | 21 (4.8) | 67 (4.5) | 266 (3.7) | 61 (4.0) | 4,994 (6.2) | |
| Pads—any use | H3g | 202 (45.9) | 92 (62.2) | 4,255 (59.8) | 746 (49.4) | 35,301 (44.1) |
| Perfusion problems | J1a, J1c-d, J1g | |||||
| No. of indicators | ||||||
| 1 | 94 (21.4) | 435 (29.2) | 1,703 (23.9) | 310 (20.5) | 22,130 (27.7) | |
| ≥2 | 3 (0.7) | 59 (4.0) | 121 (1.7) | 32 (2.1) | 2,376 (3.0) | |
| Poor nutrition | K3a, K4c | |||||
| No. of indicators | ||||||
| 1 | 141 (32.0) | 677 (45.4) | 2,586 (36.4) | 527 (34.9) | 33,402 (41.7) | |
| 2 | 33 (7.5) | 152 (10.2) | 367 (5.2) | 98 (6.5) | 6,040 (7.5) | |
| Tube feeding | K5b | 17 (3.9) | 180 (12.1) | 676 (9.5) | 139 (9.2) | 3,152 (3.9) |
Note. Values are presented as n (%) unless noted otherwise. MDS = Minimum Data Set.
a
Means (SDs).