Table 2.
Early Variables at Age 4 and Their Association with Snoring Frequency at Age 7 (n = 609)
| Snoring frequency | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | n (%) | Non-habitual (n = 480), n (%) | Habitual (n = 129), n (%) | p |
| BMIa | 16.07b | 16.04 | 16.20 | 0.387 |
| ETSc | 154 (25) | 102 (21) | 52 (40) | <0.001 |
| Dog ownershipd | 217 (36) | 168 (35) | 49 (38) | 0.535 |
| Cat ownershipe | 138 (23) | 113 (24) | 25 (19) | 0.345 |
| TRAPf | 138 (23) | 94 (20) | 44 (34) | 0.001 |
| Aeroallergen sensitizationg | 275 (45) | 208 (43) | 67 (52) | 0.09 |
| Food sensitizationh | 44 (7) | 37 (8) | 7 (5) | 0.448 |
| Rhinitisi | 404 (66) | 302 (63) | 102 (79) | 0.001 |
| Wheezingj | 206 (34) | 146 (30) | 60 (47) | 0.001 |
| URIk | 3.22l | 3.10 | 3.64 | 0.39 |
| Eczemam | 191 (31) | 148 (31) | 43 (33) | 0.594 |
| Maternal HS | 215 (35) | 146 (30) | 69 (53) | <0.001 |
| Paternal HS | 387 (64) | 287 (60) | 100 (78) | <0.001 |
Defined as the numerical value at age 4.
Represents mean numerical value for BMI. Unavailable data for 37 children.
ETS exposure defined by parental report of 1 or more cigarettes smoked by residents of the child's household through age 1.
One or more dog in the child's household at age 1.
One or more cat in the child's household at age 1.
TRAP exposure as defined by a land-use regression model.
Defined as at least 1 positive (≥3 mm greater than negative control) to a panel of 15 aeroallergens.
Defined as at least 1 positive SPT to milk and/or egg.
Defined by parental report of symptoms of sneezing, runny, or blocked nose in the preceding 12 months outside of a cold or flu.
Defined by parental report of wheezing 2 or more times in the previous 12 months.
Upper respiratory tract conditions (cold, ear infection, sinus infection, strep throat, tonsillitis, respiratory flu, colored drainage) were defined as the mean number as described by parental report in the past 12 months.
Represents mean number of URIs reported by parents in preceding 12 months.
Parental report of frequent skin scratching, skin redness, red spots, or rough and dry skin for ≥6 months.
BMI, body mass index; ETS, environmental tobacco smoke; HS, habitual snoring; SPT, skin prick testing; TRAP, traffic-related air pollution; URI, upper respiratory infection.