Table 7.

Risk factors for maternal depression at 6 months postpartum

Risk factor		Frequency	Univariate analysis
			Odds ratio	p-value	Odds ratio	p-value
Personal or family history of depression	Personal history of depression	167 (5.2%)	2.9 (2.0; 4.3)	<0.001	1.5 (0.8; 2.9)	0.235
	Mother of the expectant mother had a personal history of depression	553 (19.0%)	1.5 (1.2; 2.0)	0.003	1.3 (0.9; 2.1)	0.196
	Father of the expectant mother had a personal history of depression	154 (5.3%)	1.5 (0.9; 2.4)	0.095	1.3 (0.7; 2.4)	0.431
Factors at the time of pregnancy or delivery	Unintentional pregnancy	1566 (48.7%)	1.2 (0.9; 1.5)	0.136	1.1 (0.7; 1.6)	0.806
	Mother felt unhappy about being pregnant	164 (5.2%)	2.3 (1.5; 3.4)	<0.001	2.5 (1.3; 4.7)	0.005
	Primiparous	1570 (48.6%)	0.8 (0.6; 1.0)	0.029	0.6 (0.4; 0.9)	0.016
	Gender of the child – male	1678 (51.9%)	1.0 (0.8; 1.2)	0.933	1.0 (0.7; 1.4)	0.863
	Preterm birth (less than 38 weeks)	83 (3.3%)	0.9 (0.4; 2.0)	0.854	0.3 (0.1; 1.7)	0.187
	C-section	241 (7.6%)	1.3 (0.9; 2.0)	0.175	1.1 (0.5; 2.3)	0.772
	Newborn transfer to ICU	153 (4.9%)	1.1 (0.7; 1.9)	0.626	1.7 (0.6; 5.0)	0.322
	No breastfeeding	563 (18.4%)	1.4 (1.0; 1.8)	0.025	1.5 (1.0; 2.3)	0.074
	Mother under 18 years	41 (1.3%)	0.2 (0.0; 1.6)	0.135	1.0 (0.1; 8.2)	0.997
	Education – secondarya	1420 (44.4%)	0.8 (0.6; 1.1)	0.167	0.8 (0.5; 1.4)	0.445
	Education – primary a	1167 (36.5%)	1.1 (0.8; 1.5)	0.645	0.8 (0.5; 1.3)	0.359
Factors at the time of questionnaire	Family savings	1274 (56.9%)	0.7 (0.6; 1.0)	0.034	0.8 (0.5; 1.1)	0.154
	Mother living alone	88 (2.7%)	4.0 (2.5; 6.4)	<0.001	2.2 (0.9; 5.3)	0.075
	Psychosocial stressorsb	5.0 (0.0; 20.0)	1.13 (1.11; 1.15)	<0.001	1.06 (1.04; 1.09)	<0.001

^aWe used college education as a reference value

^bThis variable includes 35 questions regarding psychosocial stressors (the scale is 0-140 point), we stated median and a 5-95% percentile