Table 2. Impact of organic management on different production, environmental (per unit area), producer, and consumer variables that could not be quantified (see Fig. 1).

The direction of the arrows indicates the direction of impacts (that is, positive, up; negative, down; no change, right; uncertain, up and down). Shading of arrows represents the level of uncertainty for each variable (dark shade, low uncertainty; medium shade, medium uncertainty; light shade, high uncertainty), with uncertainty being determined by the number of primary studies examining each variable and the level of agreement between different studies (see fig. S6 for more details). Some key references supporting the assessment of each effect are indicated.