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β-Toxin changes HAEC expression of CD40 and VCAM-1. In-cell Western immunoblotting was performed with HAECs. (A to C) Changes in CD40 expression (A), VCAM-1 expression (B), and ICAM-1 expression (C) from PBS-treated cells after treatment with wild-type β-toxin, SMase-deficient mutant, biofilm ligase-deficient mutants, and ceramide. Asterisks denote significance in relation to PBS-treated cells. *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001; ****, P < 0.0001.
