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. 2017 Mar 22;12(3):e0174430. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174430

Table 4. Baseline clinical characteristics of patients with AG > 12.

Variables All Admission serum chloride level (mmol/L)
<95 95–100 100–105 105–108 108–113 113–118 >118 p
N 13,089 1,182 2,883 5,905 2,081 901 110 27
Age (year) 59.8±18.2 62±17 61±18 59±18 59±19 61±19 61±19 67±20 <0.001
Male 7,032 (54) 604 (51) 1,576 (55) 3,228 (55) 1,077 (52) 480 (53) 55 (50) 12 (44) 0.08
Caucasian 12,030 (92) 1,092 (92) 2,624 (91) 5,457 (92) 1,910 (92) 829 (92) 94 (85) 24 (89)
Principal Diagnosis
  • Cardiovascular

  • Endocrine/Metabolic

  • Gastrointestinal

  • Renal Disease

  • Hematology/Oncology

  • Infectious Disease

  • Respiratory

  • Injury/poisoning

  • Other


3,162 (24)
584 (4)
1,274 (10)
684 (5)
1,983 (15)
527 (4)
468 (4)
1,763 (13)
2,644 (20)

215
148
162
85
107
82
63
130
190

595
186
312
163
390
154
150
345
588

1,442
169
533
262
1,011
174
190
811
1,313

589
41
179
98
353
57
45
308
411

295
28
76
64
108
38
17
145
130

25
9
10
8
11
15
1
20
11

1
3
2
4
3
7
2
4
1
<0.001
Charlson Score 1.9±2.4 2.5±2.8 2.2±2.6 1.7±2.2 1.8±2.3 2.0±2.4 1.9±2.5 2.1±2.4 <0.001
eGFR (ml/min/1.73m2) 70.7±34.2 58±37 69±36 75±32 73±32 62±36 51±37 37±30 <0.001
Na (mmol/L) 138.6±4.5 131.0±5.5 136.3±3.2 139.4±2.7 141.4±2.6 142.9±3.3 145.6±5.1 153.3±8.7 <0.001
K (mmol/L) 4.3±0.7 4.3±0.9 4.3±0.7 4.3±0.6 4.3±0.6 4.2±0.8 4.1±1.0 3.9±0.8 <0.001
HCO3 (mmol/L) 22.5±3.9 24.3±5.2 23.7±3.8 22.8±3.1 21.1±3.0 18.9±3.7 16.0±4.8 15.0±6.4 <0.001
DiffNa-Cl (mmol/L) 37.4±3.6 40.8±4.9 38.9±3.1 37.3±2.6 35.6±2.6 33.6±3.2 31.3±4.9 31.3±7.1 <0.001
Cl: Na ratio 0.73±0.03 0.69±0.03 0.72±0.02 0.73±0.01 0.75±0.01 0.77±0.02 0.79±0.03 0.80±0.04 <0.001
Anion Gap (mmol/L) 14.9±2.6 16.5±4.3 15.1±2.8 14.6±2.1 14.5±2.0 14.7±2.3 15.2±2.7 16.3±3.6 <0.001
Albumin (g/dL), n = 2,710 3.6±0.7 3.5±0.8 3.6±0.6 3.8±0.6 3.7±0.7 3.4±0.7 3.4±0.7 3.2±0.8 <0.001

Continuous data are presented as mean±SD; categorical data are presented as count (%)