Table 1. Demographic characteristics, clinical variables and cognitive performances.
| Characteristic | MCI group (n = 112) | Non-MCI group (n = 106) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 61.23 ± 7.19 | 59.61 ± 7.56 | 0.106 a |
| Female, n (%) | 52 (46.43) | 37 (34.91) | 0.084 c |
| Education Levels (years) | 9.00 (9.00–12.00) | 10.00 (9.00–12.25) | 0.245 b |
| Smoking, n (%) | 47 (41.96) | 48 (45.28) | 0.621 c |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.19 ± 3.68 | 25.00 ± 3.33 | 0.702 a |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 72 (64.29) | 58 (54.72) | 0.150 c |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 10.00 (5.00–15.00) | 8.00 (5.00–12.00) | 0.266 b |
| HbA1c (%) | 9.54 ± 2.45 | 8.84 ± 2.28 | 0.030 a |
| FBG | 7.38 (6.20–9.99) | 7.04 (5.62–8.46) | 0.033 b |
| FIN | 18.29 ± 5.77 | 17.25 ± 5.56 | 0.177 a |
| HOMA-IR | 0.86 (0.70–1.05) | 0.73 (0.62–0.85) | < 0.001 b |
| Insulin usage, n (%) | 77 (68.75) | 61 (57.55) | 0.086 c |
| Triglyceride(mmol/L) | 1.78 (1.14–2.65) | 1.49 (1.14–2.52) | 0.335 b |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.98 ± 1.58 | 4.86 ± 1.23 | 0.536 a |
| HDL- cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.20 ± 0.31 | 1.19 ± 0.25 | 0.701 a |
| LDL- cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.93 ± 0.89 | 2.95 ± 0.87 | 0.826 a |
| CHD, n (%) | 21 (18.75) | 12 (10.71) | 0.126 c |
| DN, n (%) | 16 (14.29) | 6 (5.66) | 0.035 c |
| DR, n (%) | 9 (8.04) | 6 (5.66) | 0.489 c |
| Ghrelin (pg/mL) | 190.55 (121.75–244.43) | 222.62 (140.89–346.92) | 0.011 b |
| Neuropsychological test scores | |||
| MoCA | 22.00 (20.00–24.00) | 27.00 (26.00–28.00) | < 0.001 b |
| DST | 11.00 (9.00–12.00) | 12.00 (11.00–14.00) | < 0.001 b |
| VFT | 15.53 ± 3.89 | 16.84 ± 3.83 | 0.013 a |
| CDT | 3.00 (3.00–4.00) | 4.00 (3.00–4.00) | 0.036 b |
| ST | 7.00 (6.00–9.00) | 9.00 (7.00–10.00) | < 0.001 b |
| TMT-A | 71.00 (57.25–96.75) | 59.00 (47.75–71.00) | < 0.001 b |
| TMT-B | 182.50 (149.25–239.25) | 144.00 (112.25–180.00) | < 0.001 b |
| AVLT-immediate recall | 17.00 (13.00–21.00) | 19.00 (17.75–23.00) | < 0.001 b |
| AVLT-delayed recall | 6.00 (4.00–7.00) | 7.00 (6.00–8.00) | < 0.001 b |
Data are presented as n (%), mean ± SD, or median (interquartile range) as appropriate.
a Student's t test for comparison of normally distributed quantitative variables between MCI group and control group.
b Mann-Whitney U test for comparison of asymmetrically distributed quantitative variables between MCI group and control group.
c χ2 test for comparison of qualitative variables between MCI group and control group.
Abbreviations: MCI, mild cognitive impairment; BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; FBG, fasting blood glucose; FIN, fasting insulin; HOMA-IR, the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; CHD, coronary artery disease; DN, Diabetic nephropathy; DR, Diabetic retinopathy. MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; DST, Digit Span Test; VFT, Verbal Fluency Test; CDT, Clock Drawing Test; ST, Similarities test; TMT-A, Trail Making Test-A; TMT-B, Trail Making Test-B; AVLT, Auditory Verbal Learning Test.