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. 2016 Dec 12;8(9):16036–16051. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.13917

Figure 1. The role of copper homeostasis system in platinum drug transportation and trafficking.

Figure 1

Platinum drugs enter the cells by active CTR1 transportation. CTR1 and CTR2 ferry platinum to molecular chaperones, cell organelles and drug targets to proceeding platinum distribution or to initiate biological pathways (such as cytotoxic pathway and detoxication pathway). ATP7A and ATP7B regulate the subcellular distribution of cytosol platinum to trans Golgi network and mediate the removal of cellular platinum complex. CTR1, copper transporter 1; CTR2, copper transporter 2; ATP7A, copper-transporting p-type adenosine triphosphatases 1; ATP7B, copper-transporting p-type adenosine triphosphatases 2; TGN, trans Golgi network; GSH, glutathione; Atox1, human antioxidant protein 1; GS-X pump, glutathione S-conjugate pump.