Table 4.

Various effects of MSC-EVs on different types of tumor.

Source of EVs	Receptor cells	Biological function	Proposed mechanism	Reference
Human bone marrow-derived MSCs	Breast cancer cell line MCF7	Support breast tumor growth in vivo	Transport tumor supportive miRNA-21 and 34a	[41]
Human bone marrow-derived MSCs	HepG2 hepatoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, and Skov-3 ovarian tumor cell lines	Inhibit in vitro cell growth and survival of different tumor cell lines	Inhibit cell cycle progression in all cell lines and induce apoptosis in HepG2 and Kaposi's cells and necrosis in Skov-3	[54]
Human umbilical cord Wharton's jelly MSCs	Bladder tumor T24 cells	Inhibit T24 cells proliferative viability and induce apoptosis in T24 cells in vitro and in vivo	Downregulate phosphorylation of Akt protein kinase and upregulate cleaved caspase-3	[55]
Mouse bone marrow-derived MSCs	Mouse breast cancer cell line (4T1)	Suppress angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo	The exosome-derived miRNA-16 reduce the expression of VEGF in 4T1 cells	[52]
Human bone marrow-derived MSCs	Multiple myeloma cells	MM BMSC-EVs promote MM tumor growth; normal BMSC-EVs inhibit the growth of MM cells	The tumor suppressor miRNA-15a is present in normal BMSCs, but absent in MM BMSCs	[50]
Human bone marrow-derived MSCs	Human colon cancer cells, human gastric carcinoma cells, human lung fibroblast cell line	Promote tumor growth in vivo	Exosomes enhance VEGF expression in tumor cells by activating ERK1/2 pathway	[56]
Human bone marrow-derived MSCs, murine bone marrow-derived MSCs	Murine MM cells, human MM cells	Induce proliferation, migration, survival, and drug resistance of MM cells	Influence the activation of several survival relevant pathways, including c-Jun N-terminal kinase, p38, p53, and Akt	[57]
Human Wharton's Jelly MSCs	Human renal cancer cell	Promote the growth and aggressiveness of human renal cancer cell both in vitro and in vivo	Induce HGF synthesis via RNA transferred by EVs activating AKT and ERK1/2 signaling	[58]
Human bone marrow-derived MSCs	Human breast cancer cell line (BM2)	Promote breast cancer cells dormancy, drug resistance	Overexpression of miR-23b in BM2 cells induces dormant phenotypes through the suppression of a target gene, MARCKS	[51]
Human bone marrow-derived MSCs	Breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231 and T47D	Contribute to breast cancer cell quiescence	Transfer miRNAs from bone marrow stroma to breast cancer cells	[59]
Rat bone marrow-derived MSCs	Rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells	Protect rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells from glutamate-induced excitotoxicity	Upregulate Akt phosphorylation and Bcl-2 expression, downregulate Bax expression, and reduce the cleavage of caspase-3	[60]