Table 5.
Performance on the “odd-man-out” (OMO) task.
| Training (n = 17) | Control (n = 16)a | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Session | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Sig. | ||
| PERCEPTUAL TASK | |||||||
| Reaction times (ms) | Switching trials | Pretest | 1954.12 | 213.14 | 1819.95 | 253.20 | N/A |
| Posttest | 1915.15 | 227.04 | 1740.81 | 262.03 | N/A | ||
| Follow-up | 1997.32 | 255.51 | 1787.47 | 247.05 | N/A | ||
| Repetition trials | Pretest | 1711.42 | 272.99 | 1576.36 | 199.70 | N/A | |
| Posttest | 1688.65 | 264.87 | 1498.50 | 236.60 | N/A | ||
| Follow-up | 1751.13 | 312.10 | 1517.92 | 287.41 | N/A | ||
| Single-task trials | Pretest | 1273.27 | 224.92 | 1221.41 | 256.95 | N/A | |
| Posttest | 1277.56 | 233.00 | 1141.53 | 213.82 | N/A | ||
| Follow-up | 1297.83 | 191.31 | 1150.99 | 184.31 | N/A | ||
| Switching cost | Pretest | 242.70 | 171.57 | 243.59 | 142.76 | N/A | |
| Posttest | 226.49 | 170.00 | 242.31 | 112.79 | ns | ||
| Mixing cost | Pretest | 438.14 | 192.62 | 354.95 | 206.13 | N/A | |
| Posttest | 411.10 | 183.41 | 356.98 | 182.71 | ns | ||
| Overall RTs | Pretest | 1646.27 | 215.29 | 1539.24 | 211.83 | N/A | |
| Posttest | 1627.12 | 221.59 | 1460.28 | 219.02 | ns | ||
| Follow-up | 1682.09 | 235.29 | 1485.46 | 221.04 | ns | ||
| Correct responses (%) | Switching trials | Pretest | 82.52 | 12.27 | 85.30 | 8.23 | N/A |
| Posttest | 88.32 | 10.48 | 88.64 | 8.33 | N/A | ||
| Follow-up | 84.26 | 15.90 | 87.32 | 12.21 | N/A | ||
| Repetition trials | Pretest | 85.21 | 11.48 | 88.54 | 7.65 | N/A | |
| Posttest | 91.26 | 6.11 | 90.71 | 7.95 | N/A | ||
| Follow-up | 85.78 | 14.88 | 90.56 | 6.67 | N/A | ||
| Single-task trials | Pretest | 97.05 | 3.53 | 96.47 | 3.39 | N/A | |
| Posttest | 97.72 | 1.98 | 96.27 | 4.15 | N/A | ||
| Follow-up | 97.91 | 2.60 | 96.56 | 3.39 | N/A | ||
| Switching cost | Pretest | −2.69 | 7.52 | −3.24 | 2.59 | N/A | |
| Posttest | −2.94 | 6.22 | −2.07 | 2.80 | ns | ||
| Mixing cost | Pretest | −11.85 | 9.95 | −7.93 | 6.28 | N/A | |
| Posttest | −6.46 | 4.95 | −5.56 | 5.98 | ns | ||
| Overall accuracy | Pretest | 88.26 | 8.17 | 90.10 | 5.97 | N/A | |
| Posttest | 92.43 | 5.80 | 91.88 | 6.40 | ns | ||
| Follow-up | 89.32 | 10.42 | 91.48 | 6.38 | ns | ||
| RULE-BASED TASK | |||||||
| Reaction times (ms) | Switching trials | Pretest | 1508.15 | 246.03 | 1416.79 | 279.80 | N/A |
| Posttest | 1440.95 | 224.01 | 1314.69 | 177.53 | N/A | ||
| Follow-up | 1470.90 | 192.68 | 1369.72 | 228.98 | N/A | ||
| Repetition trials | Pretest | 1422.61 | 235.08 | 1309.70 | 247.84 | N/A | |
| Posttest | 1353.17 | 201.09 | 1236.49 | 149.38 | N/A | ||
| Follow-up | 1402.97 | 207.29 | 1296.28 | 194.20 | N/A | ||
| Single-task trials | Pretest | 1438.85 | 238.39 | 1319.55 | 186.00 | N/A | |
| Posttest | 1375.20 | 193.77 | 1249.20 | 174.01 | N/A | ||
| Follow-up | 1389.19 | 191.01 | 1319.43 | 199.44 | N/A | ||
| Switching cost | Pretest | 85.53 | 54.43 | 107.08 | 75.66 | N/A | |
| Posttest | 87.78 | 62.25 | 78.20 | 63.96 | ns | ||
| Mixing cost | Pretest | −16.23 | 78.93 | −9.84 | 145.20 | N/A | |
| Posttest | −22.04 | 75.82 | −12.72 | 109.88 | ns | ||
| Overall RTs | Pretest | 1456.54 | 235.59 | 1348.68 | 228.79 | N/A | |
| Posttest | 1389.77 | 202.59 | 1266.79 | 157.13 | ns | ||
| Follow-up | 1421.02 | 191.67 | 1328.48 | 201.72 | ns | ||
| Correct responses (%) | Switching trials | Pretest | 92.96 | 6.32 | 94.63 | 6.47 | N/A |
| Posttest | 98.18 | 1.78 | 93.84 | 5.58 | N/A | ||
| Follow-up | 97.02 | 2.90 | 96.34 | 2.86 | N/A | ||
| Repetition trials | Pretest | 95.42 | 3.21 | 95.40 | 3.89 | N/A | |
| Posttest | 98.04 | 2.09 | 94.79 | 3.88 | N/A | ||
| Follow-up | 97.39 | 1.69 | 96.67 | 3.31 | N/A | ||
| Single-task trials | Pretest | 96.87 | 3.58 | 95.87 | 3.81 | N/A | |
| Posttest | 99.05 | 1.52 | 96.88 | 3.46 | N/A | ||
| Follow-up | 98.39 | 2.13 | 96.45 | 3.29 | N/A | ||
| Switching cost | Pretest | −2.47 | 4.91 | −0.77 | 5.22 | N/A | |
| Posttest | 0.14 | 2.41 | −0.95 | 4.01 | ns | ||
| Mixing cost | Pretest | −1.44 | 4.25 | 0.47 | 2.74 | N/A | |
| Posttest | −1.01 | 2.04 | −2.08 | 4.36 | ns | ||
| Overall accuracy | Pretest | 95.08 | 3.36 | 95.30 | 4.09 | N/A | |
| Posttest | 98.42 | 1.32 | 95.17 | 3.67 | * | ||
| Follow-up | 97.60 | 1.65 | 96.49 | 2.50 | ns | ||
Between-group differences at posttest and follow-up were analyzed with ANCOVA.
a
One participant in the control group declined to participate in the follow-up, leading to a sample size of 15 at that measurement point.
*
Alpha level is Bonferroni corrected (p = 0.0038 at posttest), ns, not significant.