Table 3. Personality disorders among offenders with versus without childhood-onset conduct disorder.
| Total (n = 264–268) | COCD (n = 71–73) | LOVB (n = 193–195) | Pa | ORb (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |||
| Any PD | 177 (67) | 64 (90) | 113 (59) | 0.000* | 6.5 (2.8–14.9) |
| Paranoid | 26 (10) | 12 (16) | 14 (7) | 0.026 | 2.5 (1.1–5.8) |
| Schizoid | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NA | NA |
| Schizotypal | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NA | NA |
| Conduct disorder | 210 (78) | 73 (100) | 137 (70) | 0.000* | NA |
| Antisocial | 170 (63) | 66 (90) | 104 (53) | 0.000* | 8.3 (3.6–18.9) |
| Borderline | 13 (5) | 5 (7) | 8 (4) | 0.404 | 1.7 (0.5–5.4) |
| Histrionic | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NA | NA |
| Narcissistic | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NA | NA |
| Avoidant | 4 (2) | 1 (1) | 3 (2) | 0.963 | 0.9 (0.1–8.7) |
| Dependent | 1 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (1) | 0.727 | NA |
| Obsessive–compulsive | 5 (2) | 2 (3) | 3 (2) | 0.596 | 1.8 (0.3–11.0) |
| Depressive | 4 (2) | 0 (0) | 4 (2) | 0.259 | NA |
| Passive–aggressive | 6 (2) | 1 (1) | 5 (3) | 0.732 | 0.5 (0.1–4.7) |
| PD NOS | 19 (7) | 4 (6) | 15 (8) | 0.727 | 0.7 (0.2–2.2) |
| ≥2 PDs | 49 (19) | 21 (30) | 28 (15) | 0.006* | 2.5 (1.3–4.7) |
COCD, childhood onset conduct disorder; LOVB, late onset of violent behaviour; NA, not applicable; NOS, not otherwise specified; PD, personality disorder.
a
P-value corrected by the Benjamini–Hochberg false discovery rate (FDR) procedure.
*
Values marked with an asterisk remain significant after FDR correction.
b
Odds ratios (OR) <1.0 indicate lower risk, OR>1.0 indicate higher risk. Clinically meaningful effects defined as OR≥2.0 or ≤0.5.