Table 5.
Mean (and standard deviation) values of water quality data along the Malacca River for years 2001, 2009, and 2015 (n = 20).
| Category | Unit | Mean/SD | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| S1 | S2 | S3 | S4 | S5 | S6 | S7 | S8 | S9 | ||
| pH | — | 6.95 0.54 |
6.71 0.34 |
6.60 0.31 |
6.69 0.43 |
6.73 0.29 |
6.74 0.37 |
7.16 0.57 |
6.79 0.46 |
6.71 0.41 |
| Temp | °C | 28.16 1.39 |
28.39 1.62 |
28.10 1.49 |
27.83 1.50 |
27.69 1.33 |
27.72 1.27 |
28.47 1.10 |
29.12 1.70 |
28.43 1.09 |
| Sal | % | 15.58 10.62 |
3.22 4.84 |
1.38 2.65 |
0.19 0.33 |
0.04 0.03 |
0.04 0.02 |
15.89 11.69 |
0.22 0.19 |
0.04 0.03 |
| EC | µS/cm | 19675.85 15404.51 |
669.08 804.15 |
751.91 1153.24 |
149.84 128.93 |
131.26 84.43 |
94.81 38.87 |
21440.05 17392.75 |
575.97 452.25 |
421.67 597.87 |
| TSS | mg/l | 87.22 98.09 |
50.44 55.81 |
92.31 60.05 |
137.89 127.04 |
172.25 176.29 |
168.11 156.76 |
103.11 98.85 |
38.25 14.56 |
110.61 99.65 |
| DS | mg/l | 11596.37 9874.23 |
496.24 547.70 |
367.15 488.24 |
136.13 168.28 |
53.87 23.44 |
55.05 22.50 |
6342.73 9143.48 |
741.55 2557.64 |
102.86 115.34 |
| Tur | NTU | 115.93 137.47 |
72.32 75.14 |
298.37 356.98 |
170.26 196.22 |
220.29 227.55 |
180.42 156.13 |
57.86 61.15 |
120.63 146.48 |
174.35 191.67 |
| BOD | mg/l | 5.36 3.42 |
7.14 3.49 |
4.83 2.37 |
3.94 1.82 |
3.97 1.59 |
4.11 1.45 |
5.61 1.86 |
8.64 1.82 |
4.69 2.35 |
| COD | mg/l | 40.86 23.79 |
39.53 19.64 |
31.72 12.46 |
24.56 12.60 |
26.83 11.46 |
21.94 4.93 |
33.86 16.44 |
41.69 16.47 |
25.36 8.36 |
| DO | mg/l | 3.03 1.61 |
3.17 1.54 |
3.94 1.74 |
5.26 1.32 |
5.82 1.11 |
6.04 0.95 |
4.21 1.25 |
4.35 2.43 |
5.96 0.74 |
| NH3N | mg/l | 1.91 1.95 |
2.64 1.68 |
1.54 1.11 |
0.42 0.33 |
0.32 0.27 |
0.38 0.33 |
1.95 1.86 |
3.64 2.17 |
0.48 0.26 |
| As | mg/l | 0.00 0.00 |
0.00 0.00 |
0.00 0.00 |
0.00 0.00 |
0.00 0.00 |
0.00 0.00 |
0.00 0.00 |
0.00 0.00 |
0.00 0.00 |
| Hg | mg/l | 0.00 0.00 |
0.00 0.00 |
0.00 0.00 |
0.00 0.00 |
0.00 0.00 |
0.00 0.00 |
0.00 0.00 |
0.00 0.00 |
0.00 0.00 |
| Cd | mg/l | 0.00 0.00 |
0.00 0.00 |
0.00 0.00 |
0.00 0.00 |
0.00 0.00 |
0.00 0.00 |
0.00 0.00 |
0.00 0.00 |
0.00 0.00 |
| Cr | mg/l | 0.00 0.00 |
0.00 0.01 |
0.00 0.00 |
0.00 0.00 |
0.00 0.00 |
0.00 0.00 |
0.00 0.00 |
0.00 0.00 |
0.00 0.00 |
| Pb | mg/l | 0.01 0.00 |
0.01 0.00 |
0.01 0.00 |
0.01 0.00 |
0.01 0.00 |
0.01 0.00 |
0.01 0.00 |
0.01 0.00 |
0.01 0.00 |
| Zn | mg/l | 0.04 0.03 |
0.03 0.02 |
0.04 0.03 |
0.04 0.03 |
0.04 0.03 |
0.04 0.03 |
0.04 0.02 |
0.04 0.02 |
0.04 0.03 |
| Fe | mg/l | 0.23 0.32 |
0.45 0.38 |
0.72 0.60 |
1.00 0.69 |
0.81 0.59 |
0.85 0.76 |
0.21 0.26 |
0.72 0.54 |
0.85 0.51 |
| Total coliform | Count/100 ml | 413219.44 489224.47 |
308180.56 253164.67 |
295641.67 394028.86 |
372263.89 665998.32 |
246772.22 331636.34 |
280902.78 304712.75 |
110611.11 106139.77 |
153483.33 89787.51 |
113047.22 87121.27 |
| E. coli | Count/100 ml | 73322.22 60836.76 |
45211.11 42416.73 |
26426.86 31735.22 |
11952.08 16765.82 |
8181.39 7885.95 |
31202.78 48253.61 |
14315.08 16147.08 |
31331.94 35706.19 |
22167.50 33138.80 |
Tur means turbidity; DS means dissolved solid; Con means electrical conductivity; Sal means salinity; Temp means temperature; DO means dissolved oxygen; BOD means biological oxygen demand; COD means chemical oxygen demand; TSS means total suspended solids; pH means acidic or basic water; NH3N means ammoniacal nitrogen; E. coli means Escherichia coliform; Coli means coliform; As means arsenic; Hg means mercury; Cd means cadmium; Cr means chromium; Pb means lead; Zn means zinc; Fe means iron; SD means standard deviation; S1 to S9 means Station 1 to Station 9.