Table 2.
Summary of included studies (n=10)
| Study | Design | Participants | Intervention | Outcome measures |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alcobendas-Maestro 2012 | RCT |
n = 80 Time since injury (months) = 3 - 6 ASIA scale = C, D Level of injury = C2 to T12 (UMN) |
Exp = RAGT 30 min x 5/wk x 6 wk Con = OGT 60 min x 5/wk x 6 wk Both = Usual PT |
• Speed = 10-m walk test • Distance = 6-min walk test • Functional level = WISCI II, FIM-L • Leg strength = LEMS • Spasticity = MAS • Pain = VAS • Timing: 0, 8 wk |
| Duffell 2015 | RCT |
n = 56 Time since injury (months) > 12 ASIA scale = C, D Level of injury = above T10 (UMN) |
Exp = RAGT 30~45 min x 3/wk x 4 wk Con = no intervention |
• Speed = 10-m walk test • Distance = 6-min walk test • Balance = TUG • Timing: 0, 1, 2, 4 wk |
| Esclarin-Ruz 2014 | RCT |
n = 88 Time since injury (months) < 6 ASIA scale = C, D Level of injury = C2 to L3 (UMN+LMN) |
Exp = RAGT 30 min x 5/wk x 8 wk Con = OGT 30 min x 5/wk x 8 wk Both = Usual PT 60 min x 5/wk x 8 wk |
• Speed = 10-m walk test • Distance = 6-min walk test • Functional level = WISCI II, FIM-L • Leg strength = LEMS • Timing: 0, 8 wk |
| Field-Fote 2011 | RCT |
n = 74 Time since injury (months) > 12 ASIA scale = C, D Level of injury = At or above T10 (UMN) |
Exp = RAGT 60 min x 5/wk x 12 wk Con1 = BWS treadmill-based training with manual assistance 60 min x 5/wk x 12 wk Con2 = BWS treadmill-based training with stimulation 60 min x 5/wk x 12 wk Con3 = OGT with stimulation with BWS 60 min x 5/wk x 12 wk |
• Speed = 10-m walk test • Distance = 2-min walk test • Leg strength = LEMS • Timing: 0, 12 wk |
| Hornby 2005 | RCT |
n = 35 Time since injury (months) < 6 (14–180 days) ASIA scale = B, C, D Level of injury = Above T10 (UMN) |
Exp = RAGT 30 min x 3/wk x 8 wk Con1 = BWS treadmill-based training with manual assistance 30 min x 3/wk x 8 wk Con2 = OGT with BWS 30 min x 3/wk x 8 wk |
• Speed = 10-m walk test • Distance = 6-min walk test • Functional level = WISCI II, FIM-L • Leg strength = LEMS • Spasticity = MAS • Balance = TUG • Timing: 0, 8 wk |
| Labruyere 2014 | RCT Cross-over |
n = 9 Time since injury (months) > 12 ASIA scale = C, D Level of injury = C4 -T11 (UMN) |
Exp = RAGT 45 min x 4/wk x 4 wk Con = Strength 45 min x 4/wk x 4 wk |
• Speed = 10-m walk test • Functional level = WISCI II • Leg strength = LEMS • Pain = VAS • Balance = BBS • Timing: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 wk |
| Niu 2014 | RCT |
n = 40 Time since injury (yrs) = Exp 8.9±9.9, Con 7.5±5.5 ASIA scale = B, C, D Level of injury = above T10 (UMN) |
Exp = RAGT 60 min x 3/wk x 4 wk Con = no intervention |
• Speed = 10-m walk test • Distance = 6-min walk test • Balance = TUG • Timing: 0, 1, 2, 4 wk |
| Shin 2014 | RCT | n = 60 Time since injury (months) < 6 ASIA scale = D Level of injury = UMN |
Exp = RAGT 40 min x 3/wk x 4 wk Con = OGT 30 min x 3/wk x 4 wk Both = Usual PT 30 min x 2/wk x 4 wk |
• Functional level = WISCI II, SCIM3, AMI • Leg strength = LEMS • Timing: 0, 4 wk |
| Tang 2014 | RCT |
n = 30 Time since injury (months) = 6.3 ASIA scale = D Level of injury = T8 to L3 (UMN+LMN) |
Exp = RAGT 40 min Con = Bike 40 min |
• Speed = 10-m walk test • Agility = probe reaction time • Timing: before and after the intervention |
| Varoqui 2014 | RCT |
n = 30 Time since injury (yrs) = Exp 11.80±2.54, Con 8.09±1.89 ASIA scale = C, D Level of injury = above T10 (UMN) |
Exp = RAGT 60 min x 3/wk x 4 wk Con = no intervention |
• Speed = 10-m walk test • Distance = 6-min walk test • Balance = TUG • Timing: 0, 4 wk |
Exp experimental group, Con control group, RAGT robotic-assisted gait training, OGT over-ground training), Strength, BWS body weight-supported gait training, WISCI walking index for spinal cord injury, LEMS lower extremities motor scale, FIM-L Functional Independence Measure – Lokomotion, MAS modified Ashworth scale, VAS visual analog scale, TUG timed up and go, AMI ambulatory motor index