Table A.3. Subgroup analysis: factors associated with bacteriologically confirmed tuberculosis case status in Almaty Region, Kazakhstan.
| Model 1* | Model 2* | Model 3* | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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|
|
|
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| aOR (95%CI) | P value | aOR (95%CI) | P value | aOR (95%CI) | P value | |
| Sociodemographic | ||||||
| Age | 0.95 (0.92–0.99) | 0.004† | 0.97 (0.94–0.99) | 0.012† | 0.96 (0.94–0.99) | 0.001† |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 1.30 (0.64–2.65) | 0.469 | 0.76 (0.41–1.39) | 0.368 | 0.90 (0.53–1.53) | 0.691 |
| Female | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Ethnicity | ||||||
| Kazakh | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Russian | 0.11 (0.10–1.23) | 0.073† | 0.12 (0.03–0.50) | 0.004† | 0.17 (0.05–0.61) | 0.006† |
| Other | 0.12 (0.01–1.60) | 0.109 | 0.83 (0.30–2.31) | 0.719 | 0.64 (0.24–1.73) | 0.376 |
| Education | ||||||
| Vocational education or higher | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| High school or less | 2.99 (1.39–6.42) | 0.005† | 1.26 (0.66–2.38) | 0.483 | 1.51 (0.88–2.59) | 0.135 |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Married | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Divorced/separated | 2.21 (0.73-6.65) | 0.160 | 1.02 (0.43–2.41) | 0.972 | 1.47 (0.71–3.04) | 0.297 |
| Single, never married | 2.03 (0.74-5.62) | 0.172 | 0.95 (0.46–1.93) | 0.882 | 1.32 (0.71–2.44) | 0.377 |
| Behavioural | ||||||
| Incarceration | ||||||
| Ever incarcerated | 2.13 (0.41–11.13) | 0.373 | 6.96 (1.03–46.81) | 0.046† | 4.38 (1.07–17.98) | 0.041† |
| Never incarcerated | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Ever smoked tobacco | ||||||
| Yes | 2.55 (1.06–6.12) | 0.036† | 3.22 (1.53–6.80) | 0.002† | 2.75 (1.49–5.09) | 0.001† |
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Ever used non-smoking tobacco | ||||||
| Yes | 1.69 (0.45–6.36) | 0.438 | 2.49 (0.74–8.43) | 0.141 | 1.96 (0.76–5.10) | 0.166 |
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Ever drank alcohol | ||||||
| Yes | 0.75 (0.34–1.62) | 0.457 | 0.70 (0.36–1.38) | 0.304 | 0.90 (0.52–1.57) | 0.709 |
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Used opium | ||||||
| Yes | Removed from the model | 2.04 (0.02–187.93) | 0.757 | 8.43 (0.26–278.74) | 0.232 | |
| No | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Ever smoked heroin | ||||||
| Yes | Removed from the model | 0.14 (0.00–12.80) | 0.398 | 0.11 (0.00–3.69) | 0.215 | |
| No | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Ever used marijuana | ||||||
| Yes | 2.82 (0.48–16.73) | 0.253 | 0.87 (0.24–3.13) | 0.830 | 1.60 (0.55–4.67) | 0.391 |
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Ever injected drugs | ||||||
| Yes | Removed from the model | 0.05 (0.00–92.29) | 0.437 | 0.06 (0.00–5.12) | 0.218 | |
| No | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Comorbidity | ||||||
| HIV diagnosis‡ | ||||||
| Yes | Removed from the model | 8.48 (0.44–162.05) | 0.156 | 13.23 (0.94–186.05) | 0.056 | |
| No | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Diabetes diagnosis‡ | ||||||
| Yes | 53.95 (6.13–474.81) | 0.000† | 27.60 (4.92–154.79) | 0.000† | 33.05 (8.26–132.14) | 0.000† |
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| χ2 = 71.45; P = 0.000 | χ2 = 57.34; P = 0.000 | χ2 = 98.84; P = 0.000 | ||||
*
Model 1 compares TB cases to household controls; Model 2 compares TB cases to community controls; Model 3 compares TB cases to both household and community controls.
†
Statistically significant.
‡
Ever diagnosed with disease.
aOR= adjusted odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; HIV = human immunodeficiency virus.