Table 2. Factors associated with TB case status in the Almaty Region, Kazakhstan (TB cases = 562, household controls = 515, community controls = 523)*.
| Variable | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|
||||
| aOR (95%CI) | P value | aOR (95%CI) | P value | aOR (95%CI) | P value | |
| Sociodemographic | ||||||
| Age | 0.97 (0.95–0.98) | 0.000† | 0.97 (0.96–0.98) | 0.000† | 0.97 (0.96–0.98) | 0.000† |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 0.91 (0.64–1.28) | 0.573 | 0.77 (0.54–1.09) | 0.135 | 0.78 (0.59–1.05) | 0.104 |
| Female | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Ethnicity | ||||||
| Kazakh | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Russian | 0.34 (0.12–1.00) | 0.050† | 0.39 (0.19–0.79) | 0.009† | 0.40 (0.21–0.78) | 0.007† |
| Other | 0.65 (0.24–1.76) | 0.395 | 0.53 (0.29–0.98) | 0.043† | 0.62 (0.35–1.12) | 0.113 |
| Education | ||||||
| Vocational education or higher | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| High school or less | 1.42 (0.97–2.08) | 0.070 | 1.35 (0.96–1.90) | 0.088 | 1.26 (0.94–1.69) | 0.126 |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Married | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Divorced/separated | 1.44 (0.82–2.51) | 0.203 | 1.04 (0.66–1.65) | 0.858 | 1.16 (0.77–1.74) | 0.478 |
| Single, never married | 2.81 (1.55–5.09) | 0.001† | 1.38 (0.95–2.02) | 0.095 | 1.80 (1.27–2.56) | 0.001† |
| Behavioural | ||||||
| Incarceration | ||||||
| Ever incarcerated | 1.74 (0.63–4.80) | 0.287 | 1.66 (0.57–4.88) | 0.357 | 1.72 (0.73–4.01) | 0.213 |
| Never incarcerated | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Ever smoked tobacco | ||||||
| Yes | 1.45 (0.96–2.20) | 0.080 | 1.79 (1.20–2.68) | 0.004† | 1.73 (1.23–2.43) | 0.002† |
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Ever used non-smoking tobacco | ||||||
| Yes | 1.58 (0.80–3.12) | 0.187 | 1.47 (0.80–2.72) | 0.218 | 1.64 (0.96–2.79) | 0.068 |
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Ever drank alcohol | ||||||
| Yes | 1.50 (1.02–2.21) | 0.041† | 1.19 (0.82–1.71) | 0.357 | 1.41 (1.03–1.93) | 0.033† |
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Used opium | ||||||
| Yes | Removed from the model | 23.91 (0.75–761.05) | 0.072 | 30.98 (1.67–579.68) | 0.022† | |
| No | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Ever smoked heroin | ||||||
| Yes | Removed from the model | 0.04 (0.00–1.13) | 0.073 | 0.05 (0.00–1.25) | 0.068 | |
| No | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Ever used marijuana | ||||||
| Yes | 2.00 (0.72–5.58) | 0.184 | 1.25 (0.51–3.04) | 0.622 | 1.64 (0.76–3.54) | 0.210 |
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| Ever injected drugs | ||||||
| Yes | Removed from the model | 0.10 (0.01–1.64) | 0.108 | 0.07 (0.01–0.86) | 0.038† | |
| No | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Comorbidity | ||||||
| HIV diagnosis‡ | ||||||
| Yes | Removed from the model | 18.83 (0.84–424.37) | 0.065 | 36.37 (2.05–646.13) | 0.014† | |
| No | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Diabetes diagnosis‡ | ||||||
| Yes | 19.72 (5.68–68.50) | 0.000† | 10.09 (3.98–25.58) | 0.000† | 13.96 (6.37–30.56) | 0.000† |
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| χ2 = 142.96; P = 0.000 | χ2 = 97.63; P = 0.00 | 0 | χ2 = 188.79; P = 0.0 | 00 | ||
*
Model 1 compares TB cases to household controls; Model 2 compares TB cases to community controls; Model 3 compares TB cases to both household and community controls.
†
Statistically significant.
‡
Ever diagnosed with disease.
TB = tuberculosis; aOR = adjusted odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; HIV = human immunodeficiency virus.