Figure 1. Number of recruits of five tree species in plots exposed to and protected from insect herbivores at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center (Edgewater, MD) from 2012 to 2014.

(A) Acer rubrum, (B) Fagus grandifolia, (C) Fraxinus spp., (D) Liriodendron tulipifera, (E) Liquidambar styraciflua. Points show means ± 1 SE. Data were pooled by each plot (n = 7 plots per treatment) prior to calculating treatment means and standard errors.