Table 2.
Adjusted hazard ratios for risk of stroke according to time‐updated mean blood pressure categories among people with Type 2 diabetes
| HR (95% CI) P value | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model A | Model B | Model C | Model D | Model E | Model F | Model G | |
|
Stroke n events/n individuals |
18 598/393 425 | 17 245/353 653 | 16 778/346 672 | 16 604/342 984 | 16 024/331 852 | 7554/236 160 | 10 131/270 768 |
| < 110/< 65 mmHg |
1.12 (0.88–01.42) 0.34 |
1.05 (0.81–1.36) 0.71 |
0.90 (0.69–1.17) 0.43 |
0.91 (0.70–1.18) 0.48 |
0.90 (0.68–1.18) 0.44 |
0.93 (0.63–1.39) 0.74 |
0.92 (0.64–1.32) 0.65 |
| 110–119/65–69 mmHg |
1.25 (1.11–1.41) 0.0002 |
1.27 (1.12–1.44) 0.0002 |
1.19 (1.05–1.35) 0.0065 |
1.20 (1.06–1.36) 0.0036 |
1.17 (1.03–1.33) 0.015 |
1.10 (0.92–1.32) 0.29 |
1.28 (1.10–1.49) 0.0013 |
| 120–129/70–79 mmHg | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 130–139/80–89 mmHg |
1.15 (1.08–1.21) < .0001 |
1.14 (1.08–1.22) < .0001 |
1.18 (1.12–1.26) < .0001 |
1.18 (1.11–1.26) < .0001 |
1.19 (1.11–1.26) < .0001 |
1.19 (1.10–1.30) < .0001 |
1.18 (1.10–1.28) < .0001 |
| 140–159/90–99 mmHg |
1.43 (1.36–1.51) < .0001 |
1.42 (1.34–1.50) < .0001 |
1.50 (1.42–1.59) < .0001 |
1.48 (1.40–1.57) < .0001 |
1.50 (1.42–1.59) < .0001 |
1.43 (1.32–1.55) < .0001 |
1.48 (1.38–1.58) < .0001 |
| ≥ 160/≥ 100 mmHg |
2.06 (1.95–2.18) < .0001 |
2.00 (1.88–2.12) < .0001 |
2.14 (2.02–2.28) < .0001 |
2.08 (1.96–2.22) < .0001 |
2.15 (2.01–2.29) < .0001 |
1.77 (1.62–1.95) < .0001 |
1.95 (1.80–2.11) < .0001 |
| Increased by 1 sd mmHg SBP |
1.22 (1.20–1.23) < .0001 |
1.21 (1.19–1.22) < .0001 |
1.23 (1.22–1.25) < .0001 |
1.22 (1.20–1.24) < .0001 |
1.17 (1.15–1.19) < .0001 |
1.18 (1.16–1.21) < .0001 |
1.21 (1.19–1.24) < .0001 |
| SBP < 110 mmHg |
1.17 (0.99–1.39) 0.064 |
1.17 (0.98–1.40) 0.086 |
1.01 (0.84–1.21) 0.94 |
1.01 (0.84–1.22) 0.89 |
1.14 (0.94–1.38) 0.19 |
0.93 (0.69–1.25) 0.63 |
1.06 (0.83–1.35) 0.66 |
| SBP 110–119 mmHg |
1.12 (1.01–1.23) 0.024 |
1.16 (1.05–1.28) 0.0038 |
1.10 (0.99–1.21) 0.070 |
1.10 (1.00–1.22) 0.055 |
1.14 (1.03–1.27) 0.011 |
1.13 (0.98–1.30) 0.081 |
1.09 (0.97–1.24) 0.16 |
| SBP 120–129 mmHg | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| SBP 130–139 mmHg |
1.13 (1.07–1.20) < .0001 |
1.14 (1.07–1.21) < .0001 |
1.17 (1.10–1.24) < .0001 |
1.17 (1.10–1.24) < .0001 |
1.11 (1.05–1.19) 0.0006 |
1.21 (1.11–1.31) < .0001 |
1.19 (1.10–1.28) < .0001 |
| SBP 140–159 mmHg |
1.41 (1.34–1.49) < .0001 |
1.41 (1.33–1.49) < .0001 |
1.48 (1.40–1.56) < .0001 |
1.46 (1.38–1.54) < .0001 |
1.33 (1.26–1.41) < .0001 |
1.43 (1.32–1.55) < .0001 |
1.46 (1.36–1.56) < .0001 |
| SBP ≥ 160 mmHg |
2.02 (1.91–2.14) < .0001 |
1.97 (1.85–2.09) < .0001 |
2.09 (1.97–2.22) < .0001 |
2.04 (1.92–2.17) < .0001 |
1.75 (1.64–1.88) < .0001 |
1.77 (1.61–1.94) < .0001 |
1.91 (1.77–2.07) < .0001 |
| Increased by 1 sd mmHg diastolic blood pressure |
1.18 (1.17–1.20) < .0001 |
1.20 (1.18–1.21) < .0001 |
1.22 (1.20–1.24) < .0001 |
1.20 (1.19–1.22) < .0001 |
1.12 (1.10–1.14) < .0001 |
1.18 (1.15–1.20) < .0001 |
1.19 (1.16–1.21) < .0001 |
| DBP < 65 mmHg |
0.96 (0.90–1.02) 0.22 |
0.93 (0.87–0.99) 0.031 |
0.88 (0.82–0.94) 0.0002 |
0.89 (0.83–0.96) 0.0012 |
0.96 (0.90–1.03) 0.29 |
0.86 (0.78–0.95) 0.0034 |
0.86 (0.79–0.94) 0.0012 |
| DBP 65–69 mmHg |
0.95 (0.90–1.01) 0.082 |
0.93 (0.88–0.99) 0.017 |
0.90 (0.85–0.96) 0.0006 |
0.91 (0.86–0.96) 0.0011 |
0.96 (0.90–1.02) 0.16 |
0.91 (0.85–0.99) 0.024 |
0.93 (0.86–0.99) 0.030 |
| DBP 70–79 mmHg | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| DBP 80–89 mmHg |
1.26 (1.22–1.30) < .0001 |
1.28 (1.23–1.32) < .0001 |
1.30 (1.25–1.35) < .0001 |
1.28 (1.24–1.33) < .0001 |
1.20 (1.16–1.25) < .0001 |
1.22 (1.16–1.29) < .0001 |
1.23 (1.18–1.29) < .0001 |
| DBP 90–99 mmHg |
1.74 (1.65–1.84) < .0001 |
1.76 (1.66–1.86) < .0001 |
1.82 (1.72–1.92) < .0001 |
1.76 (1.66–1.86) < .0001 |
1.49 (1.40–1.59) < .0001 |
1.66 (1.50–1.85) < .0001 |
1.71 (1.58–1.86) < .0001 |
| DBP ≥ 100 mmHg |
2.46 (2.21–2.74) < .0001 |
2.42 (2.16–2.72) < .0001 |
2.51 (2.23–2.82) < .0001 |
2.34 (2.07–2.63) < .0001 |
1.75 (1.54–1.99) < .0001 |
1.93 (1.48–2.51) < .0001 |
2.38 (1.99–2.85) < .0001 |
DBP, diastolic blood pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure.
HRs and CIs were estimated by means of Cox regression. The blood pressure category of 120–129/70–79 mmHg was used as a reference.
Model A (96.4% had no missing values): adjusted for time‐updated age and sex.
Model B (86.7% had no missing values): additionally stratified by diabetes duration.
Model C (85.0% had no missing values): additionally adjusted for being born in Sweden, maximum education level and baseline comorbidities (atrial fibrillation, coronary heart disease and heart failure).
Model D (84.0% had no missing values): Model C + adjusted for time‐updated type of diabetic treatment and time‐updated mean HbA1c.
Model E (81.3% had no missing values): Model C + adjusted for time‐updated antihypertensive treatment and smoking and time‐updated mean SBP/DBP
Model F (57.9% had no missing values): Model C + adjusted for time‐updated mean BMI, time‐updated physical activity, and renal impairment category.
Model G (66.4% had no missing values): Model C + adjusted for time‐updated mean LDL and HDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and time‐updated lipid‐lowering medication.