Table 2.

Cognitive Profile of Children Who Had the Arterial Switch Operation for TGA (age at test: 8–16 years), Compared with Population Norms

		TGA (N = 40)	TGA vs. NORM1
Intelligence (WISC IV)
Full scale IQ (FSIQ)		97.0 ± 12.9	0.177
Verbal comprehension		101.0 ± 13.6	0.657
Perceptual reasoning		97.5 ± 12.7	0.210
Working memory		98.6 ± 12.2	0.461
Processing speed		92.1 ± 13.4	0.001**
Academic Attainm. (WIAT)
Word reading		101.5 ± 13.0	0.468
Reading comprehension		103.5 ± 13.7	0.114
Spelling		97.0 ± 14.6	0.197
Numerical operations		101.5 ± 17.2	0.570
Mathematical reasoning		99.9 ± 13.7	0.948
Verbal Fluency (D‐KEFS)
Letter fluency		106.8 ± 14.5	0.005**
Category fluency		100.0 ± 14.0	1.000
Memory (CMS)
General memory (MQ)		93.2 ± 18.9	0.025*
Visual immediate memory		100.3 ± 14.6	0.882
Visual delayed memory		93.0 ± 16.6	0.010**
Verbal immediate memory		93.6 ± 17.3	0.024*
Verbal delayed memory		91.7 ± 19.8	0.010**
Mean immediate memory (Vis/Verb)		97.0 ± 12.6	0.134
Mean delayed memory (Vis/Verb)		92.3 ± 14.2	0.001**
Attention		102.2 ± 15.8	0.385
Learning		97.8 ± 14.1	0.332
Delayed recognition		95.4 ± 13.8	0.041*
	Controls (N = 64)
Episodic memory (RBMT)
Profile score (/22)	20.1 ± 2.4	18.0 ± 3.3	<0.001**

Data are shown as mean standard scores ± standard deviation (SD).

**, *Statistically significant differences.

P‐values are for differences between patients' group mean and the standard mean of 100 (±15) determined by one‐sample t‐test (df = 39; two‐tailed significance).

P‐values are for differences between patient and control groups' mean scores: The scores were compared using a Mann‐Whitney U‐test.

Abbreviations: WISC IV, Wechsler Intelligence scale for children, 4^th UK Edition; WIAT, Wechsler individual achievement test, 2^nd UK edition; D‐KEFS, Delis‐Kaplan executive function system; CMS, Children's memory scale; RBMT, Rivermead behavioural memory test.