Table 3.
Demographic and clinical characteristics compared between patients with low VVV of SBP and DBP, high VVV of SBP or DBP, and high VVV of SBP and DBP
| Low VVV of SBP and DBP group (n = 370) | High VVV of SBP or DBP group (n = 241) | High VVV of SBP and DBP group (n = 178) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at diabetes diagnosis (years) | 52.8 ± 10.1 | 51.5 ± 10.4 | 56.6 ± 10.6 | <0.001 |
| Sex (male/female) | 172 (46.5) | 120 (49.8) | 81 (47.3) | 0.629 |
| Smoking (none/former/current) | 287/17/66 | 179/18/44 | 132/10/36 | 0.594 |
| Hypertension (%) | 237 (64.1) | 199 (82.6) | 161 (90.4) | <0.001 |
| Hyperlipidemia (%) | 358 (96.8) | 227 (94.2) | 173 (97.2) | 0.191 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.4 ± 3.6 | 27.3 ± 4.2 | 27.0 ± 3.9 | 0.007 |
| Mean SBP (mmHg) | 133.9 ± 9.6 | 137.3 ± 9.2 | 141.2 ± 10.6 | <0.001 |
| Mean number of measurements | 60.4 ± 26.0 | 63.8 ± 29.9 | 67.8 ± 32.6 | 0.019 |
| SD of SBP (mmHg) | 12.3 ± 2.0 | 14.9 ± 2.6 | 19.3 ± 2.8 | <0.001 |
| Delta SBP (mmHg) | 59.3 ± 15.1 | 73.3 ± 23.0 | 95.2 ± 26.6 | <0.001 |
| Mean DBP (mmHg) | 71.6 ± 5.5 | 75.3 ± 5.9 | 74.8 ± 7.2 | <0.001 |
| SD of DBP (mmHg) | 6.0 ± 0.9 | 8.1 ± 1.4 | 9.6 ± 1.7 | <0.001 |
| Delta DBP (mmHg) | 29.4 ± 6.7 | 41.7 ± 13.4 | 49.5 ± 16.6 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) (mmol/mol) |
7.4 ± 0.9 (57.0 ± 9.8) |
7.8 ± 1.0 (62.0 ± 10.9) |
7.7 ± 1.1 (61.0 ± 12.0) |
<0.001 |
| Mean number of measurements | 36.1 ± 10.8 | 34.5 ± 10.5 | 32.3 ± 11.2 | 0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 191.8 ± 26.7 | 193.0 ± 27.0 | 197.1 ± 33.9 | 0.132 |
| Mean number of measurements | 12.1 ± 5.9 | 11.9 ± 5.7 | 11.2 ± 5.8 | 0.220 |
| High-density lipoprotein (mg/dL) | 38.9 ± 10.6 | 38.1 ± 10.8 | 38.4 ± 10.7 | 0.678 |
| Low-density lipoprotein (mg/dL) | 118.3 ± 19.2 | 119.3 ± 20.9 | 118.8 ± 21.6 | 0.832 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 141.0 ± 117.4 | 155.6 ± 90.3 | 160.1 ± 132.4 | 0.119 |
| Initial eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 81.4 ± 26.0 | 77.5 ± 25.9 | 59.0 ± 27.0 | 0.003 |
| Mean number of measurements | 17.4 ± 6.4 | 17.6 ± 6.4 | 19.3 ± 7.5 | 0.005 |
| Final eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 88.6 ± 26.6 | 76.0 ± 26.6 | 55.9 ± 27.6 | <0.001 |
| Clinical Events during10-year follow-up | ||||
| CVD a (%) | 28 (7.6) | 43 (17.8) | 44 (24.7) | <0.001 |
| Interval from diabetes diagnosis (years) | 5.8 ± 2.9 | 5.1 ± 2.7 | 4.8 ± 3.5 | 0.425 |
| Change in CKD stage | 1.0 ± 0.6 | 1.1 ± 0.6 | 1.5 ± 0.8 | <0.001 |
| Renal function impairment (%) | 110 (29.3) | 92 (36.8) | 125 (62.8) | <0.001 |
| Interval from diabetes diagnosis (days) | 3899 ± 1214 | 3710 ± 1285 | 3079 ± 1468 | <0.001 |
| CKD stage 4 or 5 (%) | 35 (9.3) | 29 (11.6) | 22 (11.1) | 0.620 |
| Interval from diabetes diagnosis (days) | 4366 ± 620 | 4311 ± 676 | 4272 ± 730 | 0.267 |
| Total follow-up (days) | 4488 ± 400 | 4424 ± 474 | 4413 ± 521 | 0.102 |
Abbreviations: HbA1c hemoglobin A1c, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diatolic blood pressure, SD standard deviation, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, CVD cardiovascular disease, CKD chronic kidney disease
aDefined as coronary artery disease or myocardial infarction, and ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack
All significant change with p<0.05 had been italicized