Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of cases and study population by sex in SMHS (2002–2012) and SWHS (1997–2012).
| Men, mean (SD) or N (%) |
Women, mean (SD) or N (%) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Deaths (n = 4170) | Cohort (n = 59,739) | Deaths (n = 5909) | Cohort (n = 74,619) | |
| Education | ||||
| Elementary school or less | 864 (20.72) | 3982 (6.67) | 3201 (54.17) | 16,076 (21.54) |
| Middle school | 1416 (33.96) | 19,996 (33.47) | 1324 (22.41) | 27,573 (36.95) |
| High school | 1053 (25.25) | 21,592 (36.14) | 926 (15.67) | 20,819 (27.9) |
| Professional education/college or higher | 837 (20.07) | 14,169 (23.72) | 458 (7.75) | 10,151 (13.6) |
| Incomea | ||||
| Low | 486 (11.65) | 7474 (12.51) | 1600 (27.08) | 12,072 (16.18) |
| Lower middle | 2253 (54.03) | 25,489 (42.67) | 2378 (40.24) | 28,540 (38.25) |
| Upper middle | 1205 (28.9) | 20,976 (35.11) | 1267 (21.44) | 20,959 (28.09) |
| High | 226 (5.42) | 5800 (9.71) | 664 (11.24) | 13,048 (17.49) |
| Occupation | ||||
| House wife | – | – | 83 (1.4) | 274 (0.37) |
| Professional, administrator | 1180 (28.3) | 15,712 (26.3) | 1166 (19.73) | 21,329 (28.58) |
| Clerical or service worker | 852 (20.43) | 13,119 (21.96) | 1120 (18.95) | 15,408 (20.65) |
| Manual laborer | 2138 (51.27) | 30,908 (51.74) | 3540 (59.91) | 37,608 (50.4) |
| History of hypertension | 1978 (47.43) | 17,779 (29.76) | 2496 (42.24) | 17,745 (23.78) |
| History of diabetes | 626 (15.01) | 3731 (6.25) | 886 (14.99) | 3272 (4.38) |
| History of coronary heart disease | 578 (13.86) | 3030 (5.07) | 961 (16.26) | 5497 (7.37) |
| History of stroke | 625 (14.99) | 2233 (3.74) | 347 (5.87) | 872 (1.17) |
| Smoke statusb | ||||
| Never smoker | 1247 (29.9) | 18,151 (30.38) | 5486 (92.84) | 72,545 (97.22) |
| Pack-years <20 | 920 (22.06) | 18,262 (30.57) | 423 (7.16) | 2074 (2.78) |
| Pack-years ≥20 | 2003 (48.03) | 23,326 (39.05) | – | – |
| Alcohol intake | ||||
| Never drinker | 2675 (64.15) | 39,810 (66.64) | 5790 (97.99) | 73,179 (98.07) |
| <2 drinks/day | 782 (18.75) | 11,977 (20.05) | 107 (1.81) | 1352 (1.81) |
| ≥2 drinks/day | 713 (17.1) | 7952 (13.31) | 12 (0.2) | 88 (0.12) |
| Supplemental vitamins usersc | 787 (18.87) | 9003 (15.07) | 1207 (20.43) | 14,707 (19.71) |
| Menopause status | – | – | 5021 (84.97) | 36,979 (49.56) |
| Hormone replacement therapy | – | – | 66 (1.12) | 1564 (2.1) |
| Age at baseline, years | 64.32 (9.37) | 55.34 (9.74) | 61.39 (7.99) | 52.62 (9.08) |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 23.63 (3.52) | 23.72 (3.08) | 24.84 (4.06) | 24.02 (3.43) |
| Waist-hip ratio | 0.90 (0.06) | 0.90 (0.06) | 0.83 (0.06) | 0.81 (0.05) |
| Physical activity, MET-h/week | 61.77 (37.38) | 59.65 (34.15) | 100.33 (45.99) | 106.45 (45.14) |
| Dietary intaked | ||||
| Total energy, kcal/d | 1803.57 (479.29) | 1908.91 (472.38) | 1598.66 (403.53) | 1674.79 (392.31) |
| Carbohydrate, g/d | 313.29 (36.67) | 313.06 (36.23) | 283.36 (29.91) | 279.08 (29.14) |
| Protein, g/d | 75.15 (13.28) | 76.3 (13.34) | 63.46 (11.2) | 65.33 (11.27) |
| Saturated fat, g/d | 10.04 (4.05) | 9.97 (4.05) | 7.83 (3.26) | 8.3 (3.23) |
| Monounsaturated fat, g/d | 14.85 (6.39) | 14.77 (6.37) | 11.83 (5.03) | 12.47 (4.97) |
| Polyunsaturated fat, g/d | 8.51 (3.08) | 8.36 (3.01) | 7.51 (2.93) | 7.45 (2.66) |
| Fiber, g/d | 11.16 (3.46) | 11.21 (3.46) | 10.5 (3.33) | 10.72 (3.31) |
| Vegetables, g/d | 321.92 (174.74) | 336.15 (177.5) | 276.6 (149.69) | 289.17 (154.32) |
| Fruits, g/d | 131.96 (113.2) | 147.45 (119.94) | 210.99 (154.35) | 258.59 (169.4) |
| Red meat, g/d | 58.52 (38.03) | 60.98 (38.22) | 44.89 (29.34) | 48.97 (31.35) |
| Poultry, g/d | 14.94 (17.51) | 15.48 (18.35) | 12.59 (15.72) | 14.73 (16.98) |
| Fish, g/d | 44.94 (42.27) | 50.32 (44.12) | 40.52 (35.91) | 49.16 (42.07) |
| Total carotene, μg/d | 2947.82 (1719.66) | 3097.4 (1635.89) | 2706.21 (1470.55) | 2856.66 (1441.64) |
| Vitamin C, mg/d | 87.81 (44.53) | 94.04 (47.48) | 80.62 (40.5) | 88.68 (43.91) |
| Vitamin E, mg/d | 14.53 (5.46) | 14.56 (5.4) | 12.98 (5.2) | 13.12 (4.79) |
MET, metabolic equivalent; SD, standard deviation.
a
Income level, four categories: Low: less than ¥10,000 CNY per family per year for women and less than ¥500 CNY per person per month for men; lower middle: ¥10,000–19,999 CNY per family per year for women and ¥500–999 CNY per person per month for men; Upper middle: ¥20,000–29,999 CNY per family per year for women and ¥1000–1999 CNY per person per month for men; high: greater than ¥30,000 CNY per family per year for women and more than ¥2000 CNY per person per month for men.
b
Smoking status was collapsed into two groups in SWHS.
c
Use of any vitamin supplement.
d
Dietary nutrients intake (except for energy) was energy-adjusted by residual methods.