Table 2.

Associations of energy-adjusted dietary antioxidant vitamins intake with all-cause mortality in SMHS (2002–2012) and SWHS (1997–2012).

Variable		Intake of energy-adjusted dietary antioxidant vitaminsa					P for trend
		Q1 (lowest)	Q2	Q3	Q4	Q5 (highest)
Men
Total carotene	Median intake, μg/d	1392.62	2175.57	2831.91	3615.24	5099.66
	Person-years	98,660	98,573	98,147	99,022	100,928
	Number of deaths	1040	850	782	727	771
	Model 1b	1.00	0.77 (0.70–0.84)	0.71 (0.65–0.78)	0.66 (0.60–0.72)	0.71 (0.64–0.78)	<0.001
	Model 2c	1.00	0.84 (0.76–0.92)	0.83 (0.75–0.91)	0.77 (0.70–0.85)	0.83 (0.76–0.92)	<0.001
	Model 3d	1.00	0.84 (0.77–0.92)	0.85 (0.77–0.94)	0.82 (0.72–0.92)	0.89 (0.78–1.01)	0.190
Vitamin C	Median intake, mg/d	44.55	67.95	86.73	108.70	151.69
	Person-years	98,527	98,135	98,315	99,027	101,326
	Number of deaths	1044	905	791	725	705
	Model 1b	1.00	0.80 (0.73–0.88)	0.69 (0.63–0.76)	0.65 (0.59–0.71)	0.69 (0.63–0.76)	<0.001
	Model 2c	1.00	0.88 (0.80–0.96)	0.80 (0.73–0.88)	0.76 (0.69–0.84)	0.83 (0.75–0.91)	<0.001
	Model 3d	1.00	0.88 (0.80–0.96)	0.81 (0.72–0.90)	0.77 (0.68–0.88)	0.84 (0.73–0.96)	0.042
Vitamin E	Median intake, mg/d	8.85	11.72	13.86	16.28	20.91
	Person-years	98,326	97,923	98,521	99,135	101,425
	Number of deaths	842	861	802	858	807
	Model 1b	1.00	0.90 (0.82–0.99)	0.83 (0.75–0.91)	0.86 (0.78–0.94)	0.88 (0.80–0.97)	0.014
	Model 2c	1.00	0.95 (0.87–1.05)	0.91 (0.83–1.01)	0.95 (0.86–1.04)	0.95 (0.86–1.05)	0.424
	Model 3d	1.00	0.98 (0.89–1.08)	0.96 (0.86–1.06)	1.01 (0.91–1.11)	1.03 (0.93–1.15)	0.408
Women
Total carotene	Median intake, μg/d	1333.63	2042.42	2632.21	3330.21	4602.66
	Person-years	205,673	206,161	205,881	205,682	205,798
	Number of deaths	1465	1235	1128	1087	994
	Model 1b	1.00	0.88 (0.82–0.95)	0.87 (0.81–0.94)	0.86 (0.80–0.93)	0.82 (0.76–0.89)	<0.001
	Model 2c	1.00	0.92 (0.86–1.00)	0.94 (0.87–1.01)	0.90 (0.83–0.98)	0.87 (0.80–0.95)	0.001
	Model 3d	1.00	0.93 (0.86–1.00)	0.95 (0.87–1.03)	0.92 (0.83–1.02)	0.89 (0.80–1.00)	0.057
Vitamin C	Median intake, mg/d	42.51	64.40	81.95	102.86	142.72
	Person-years	204,701	205,846	205,635	205,975	207,038
	Number of deaths	1575	1257	1172	1040	865
	Model 1b	1.00	0.83 (0.77–0.89)	0.84 (0.78–0.91)	0.81 (0.75–0.88)	0.76 (0.70–0.83)	<0.001
	Model 2c	1.00	0.86 (0.80–0.93)	0.9 (0.84–0.98)	0.90 (0.83–0.97)	0.83 (0.77–0.91)	<0.001
	Model 3d	1.00	0.86 (0.80–0.93)	0.91 (0.83–0.99)	0.90 (0.81–1.00)	0.84 (0.75–0.94)	0.008
Vitamin E	Median intake, mg/d	8.19	10.70	12.54	14.59	18.48
	Person-years	206,584	206,198	205,534	205,662	205,216
	Number of deaths	1302	1210	1190	1099	1108
	Model 1b	1.00	0.96 (0.89–1.04)	0.96 (0.89–1.04)	0.90 (0.83–0.98)	0.93 (0.86–1.01)	0.036
	Model 2c	1.00	1.00 (0.92–1.08)	1.01 (0.93–1.09)	0.95 (0.87–1.03)	0.91 (0.84–0.99)	0.013
	Model 3d	1.00	1.01 (0.93–1.09)	1.03 (0.94–1.11)	0.97 (0.89–1.06)	0.94 (0.86–1.03)	0.112

Q, quintile.

^aDietary antioxidant vitamins and the intakes of all nutrients and foods were adjusted for total energy using the residual method.

^bModel 1 adjusted for age (per 5-y) and energy (quartiles).

^cModel 2 adjusted for age (per 5-y intervals), energy (quartiles), birth cohort (per 10-y intervals), education (4 categories), income (4 categories), occupation (3 categories for men, 4 for women), smoking status (3 categories for men, 2 for women), alcohol intake (3 categories), body mass index (4 categories), waist-hip ratio (3 categories), physical activity (quartiles), history of hypertension (yes/no), diabetes (yes/no), coronary heart disease (yes/no), stroke (yes/no), vitamin supplements use (yes/no), menopause status (yes/no, women only), hormone replacement therapy (yes/no, women only).

^dModel 3 additionally mutually adjusted for other two vitamins.