Table 3.
Associations of energy-adjusted dietary antioxidant vitamins intake with cancer mortality in SMHS (2002–2012) and SWHS (1997–2012).
| Variable | Intake of energy-adjusted dietary antioxidant vitaminsa |
P for trend | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 (lowest) | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 (highest) | |||
| Men | |||||||
| Total carotene | Number of deaths | 434 | 351 | 332 | 326 | 346 | |
| Model 1b | 1.00 | 0.78 (0.68–0.90) | 0.74 (0.64–0.86) | 0.72 (0.62–0.83) | 0.76 (0.66–0.87) | <0.001 | |
| Model 2c | 1.00 | 0.85 (0.74–0.98) | 0.85 (0.74–0.98) | 0.84 (0.73–0.97) | 0.91 (0.79–1.05) | 0.289 | |
| Model 3d | 1.00 | 0.85 (0.73–0.98) | 0.84 (0.72–0.99) | 0.83 (0.69–1.00) | 0.89 (0.72–1.08) | 0.413 | |
| Vitamin C | Number of deaths | 430 | 360 | 361 | 315 | 323 | |
| Model 1b | 1.00 | 0.81 (0.70–0.93) | 0.80 (0.69–0.92) | 0.70 (0.61–0.82) | 0.76 (0.66–0.88) | <0.001 | |
| Model 2c | 1.00 | 0.88 (0.76–1.01) | 0.91 (0.79–1.05) | 0.83 (0.71–0.96) | 0.91 (0.79–1.06) | 0.205 | |
| Model 3d | 1.00 | 0.87 (0.76–1.01) | 0.90 (0.76–1.06) | 0.81 (0.67–0.98) | 0.89 (0.72–1.09) | 0.382 | |
| Vitamin E | Number of deaths | 368 | 353 | 313 | 373 | 382 | |
| Model 1b | 1.00 | 0.88 (0.76–1.02) | 0.78 (0.67–0.90) | 0.89 (0.77–1.03) | 0.96 (0.83–1.10) | 0.899 | |
| Model 2c | 1.00 | 0.92 (0.79–1.07) | 0.84 (0.72–0.99) | 0.97 (0.84–1.12) | 1.04 (0.90–1.20) | 0.316 | |
| Model 3d | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.80–1.08) | 0.86 (0.74–1.01) | 1.00 (0.86–1.16) | 1.08 (0.92–1.26) | 0.144 | |
| Women | |||||||
| Total carotene | Number of deaths | 596 | 517 | 522 | 503 | 457 | |
| Model 1b | 1.00 | 0.92 (0.82–1.04) | 0.98 (0.87–1.10) | 0.96 (0.85–1.08) | 0.89 (0.79–1.01) | 0.135 | |
| Model 2c | 1.00 | 0.95 (0.84–1.07) | 1.02 (0.91–1.15) | 0.99 (0.88–1.12) | 0.92 (0.82–1.05) | 0.358 | |
| Model 3d | 1.00 | 0.95 (0.84–1.07) | 1.03 (0.91–1.18) | 1.01 (0.87–1.17) | 0.95 (0.80–1.12) | 0.566 | |
| Vitamin C | Number of deaths | 630 | 520 | 550 | 476 | 419 | |
| Model 1b | 1.00 | 0.88 (0.78–0.99) | 0.99 (0.88–1.11) | 0.91 (0.80–1.02) | 0.85 (0.75–0.97) | 0.034 | |
| Model 2c | 1.00 | 0.90 (0.80–1.01) | 1.03 (0.92–1.16) | 0.95 (0.84–1.08) | 0.90 (0.79–1.02) | 0.230 | |
| Model 3d | 1.00 | 0.89 (0.79–1.01) | 1.01 (0.88–1.15) | 0.92 (0.78–1.08) | 0.87 (0.73–1.03) | 0.104 | |
| Vitamin E | Number of deaths | 565 | 528 | 514 | 497 | 491 | |
| Model 1b | 1.00 | 0.99 (0.88–1.12) | 0.98 (0.87–1.10) | 0.95 (0.84–1.08) | 0.93 (0.83–1.05) | 0.208 | |
| Model 2c | 1.00 | 1.02 (0.90–1.15) | 1.01 (0.90–1.15) | 0.99 (0.87–1.12) | 0.95 (0.84–1.07) | 0.307 | |
| Model 3d | 1.00 | 1.02 (0.90–1.15) | 1.02 (0.89–1.15) | 0.99 (0.87–1.13) | 0.95 (0.83–1.08) | 0.342 | |
Q, quintile.
Dietary antioxidant vitamins and the intakes of all nutrients and foods were adjusted for total energy using the residual method.
Model 1 adjusted for age (per 5-y) and energy (quartiles).
Model 2 adjusted for age (per 5-y intervals), energy (quartiles), birth cohort (per 10-y intervals), education (4 categories), income (4 categories), occupation (3 categories for men, 4 for women), smoking status (3 categories for men, 2 for women), alcohol intake (3 categories), body mass index (4 categories), waist-hip ratio (3 categories), physical activity (quartiles), history of hypertension (yes/no), diabetes (yes/no), coronary heart disease (yes/no), stroke (yes/no), vitamin supplements use (yes/no), menopause status (yes/no, women only), hormone replacement therapy (yes/no, women only).
Model 3 additionally mutually adjusted for other two vitamins.