Table 4.
Associations of energy-adjusted dietary antioxidant vitamins intake with CVD mortality in SMHS (2002–2012) and SWHS (1997–2012).
| Variable | Intake of energy-adjusted dietary antioxidant vitaminsa |
P for trend | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 (lowest) | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 (highest) | |||
| Men | |||||||
| Total carotene | Number of deaths | 373 | 301 | 242 | 232 | 231 | |
| Model 1b | 1.00 | 0.75 (0.64–0.87) | 0.61 (0.52–0.71) | 0.58 (0.49–0.68) | 0.59 (0.50–0.70) | <0.001 | |
| Model 2c | 1.00 | 0.81 (0.69–0.94) | 0.70 (0.59–0.82) | 0.67 (0.57–0.80) | 0.67 (0.56–0.79) | <0.001 | |
| Model 3d | 1.00 | 0.82 (0.71–0.96) | 0.76 (0.64–0.91) | 0.80 (0.64–0.99) | 0.82 (0.65–1.03) | 0.115 | |
| Vitamin C | Number of deaths | 362 | 339 | 240 | 226 | 212 | |
| Model 1b | 1.00 | 0.86 (0.74–0.99) | 0.59 (0.50–0.70) | 0.58 (0.49–0.68) | 0.61 (0.51–0.72) | <0.001 | |
| Model 2c | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.80–1.08) | 0.69 (0.58–0.82) | 0.66 (0.56–0.78) | 0.71 (0.59–0.84) | <0.001 | |
| Model 3d | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.80–1.09) | 0.72 (0.59–0.87) | 0.70 (0.56–0.88) | 0.76 (0.59–0.97) | 0.047 | |
| Vitamin E | Number of deaths | 287 | 296 | 281 | 267 | 248 | |
| Model 1b | 1.00 | 0.89 (0.75–1.04) | 0.83 (0.70–0.98) | 0.76 (0.64–0.90) | 0.79 (0.67–0.94) | 0.002 | |
| Model 2c | 1.00 | 0.96 (0.82–1.14) | 0.94 (0.79–1.11) | 0.86 (0.73–1.02) | 0.87 (0.73–1.04) | 0.065 | |
| Model 3d | 1.00 | 1.02 (0.86–1.20) | 1.03 (0.86–1.22) | 0.99 (0.83–1.18) | 1.03 (0.86–1.24) | 0.839 | |
| Women | |||||||
| Total carotene | Number of deaths | 476 | 390 | 337 | 312 | 304 | |
| Model 1b | 1.00 | 0.87 (0.76–0.99) | 0.83 (0.72–0.95) | 0.79 (0.68–0.91) | 0.82 (0.71–0.94) | 0.003 | |
| Model 2c | 1.00 | 0.91 (0.80–1.04) | 0.89 (0.78–1.03) | 0.82 (0.71–0.94) | 0.85 (0.74–0.99) | 0.014 | |
| Model 3d | 1.00 | 0.92 (0.80–1.05) | 0.92 (0.79–1.07) | 0.86 (0.72–1.03) | 0.91 (0.74–1.12) | 0.353 | |
| Vitamin C | Number of deaths | 532 | 393 | 348 | 293 | 253 | |
| Model 1b | 1.00 | 0.77 (0.67–0.88) | 0.76 (0.66–0.87) | 0.71 (0.62–0.82) | 0.72 (0.62–0.84) | <0.001 | |
| Model 2c | 1.00 | 0.80 (0.70–0.91) | 0.80 (0.70–0.92) | 0.79 (0.68–0.92) | 0.78 (0.67–0.91) | 0.002 | |
| Model 3d | 1.00 | 0.80 (0.70–0.91) | 0.80 (0.68–0.94) | 0.79 (0.65–0.95) | 0.77 (0.62–0.95) | 0.033 | |
| Vitamin E | Number of deaths | 426 | 366 | 369 | 315 | 343 | |
| Model 1b | 1.00 | 0.88 (0.77–1.02) | 0.92 (0.80–1.06) | 0.80 (0.69–0.92) | 0.90 (0.78–1.04) | 0.097 | |
| Model 2c | 1.00 | 0.92 (0.80–1.06) | 0.97 (0.84–1.12) | 0.84 (0.72–0.97) | 0.89 (0.77–1.03) | 0.067 | |
| Model 3d | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.81–1.08) | 1.00 (0.87–1.16) | 0.88 (0.75–1.03) | 0.95 (0.81–1.11) | 0.414 | |
CVD, cardiovascular disease; Q, quintile.
Dietary antioxidant vitamins and the intakes of all nutrients and foods were adjusted for total energy using the residual method.
Model 1 adjusted for age (per 5-y) and energy (quartiles).
Model 2 adjusted for age (per 5-y intervals), energy (quartiles), birth cohort (per 10-y intervals), education (4 categories), income (4 categories), occupation (3 categories for men, 4 for women), smoking status (3 categories for men, 2 for women), alcohol intake (3 categories), body mass index (4 categories), waist-hip ratio (3 categories), physical activity (quartiles), history of hypertension (yes/no), diabetes (yes/no), coronary heart disease (yes/no), stroke (yes/no), vitamin supplements use (yes/no), menopause status (yes/no, women only), hormone replacement therapy (yes/no, women only).
Model 3 additionally mutually adjusted for other two vitamins.