Table 2.
Effectors secreted in a T3SS-dependent manner.
| Effectors | Early/Middle/Late | Enzyme activity | Function | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| IcsB | Early | Inhibits autophagy | Allaoui et al., 1992; Ambrosi et al., 2014; Baxt and Goldberg, 2014; Huang and Brumell, 2014; Campbell-Valois et al., 2015 | |
| IpaA | Early | Actin depolymerization | Tran Van Nhieu et al., 1997; Bourdet-Sicard et al., 1999; Izard et al., 2006; Ramarao et al., 2007 | |
| IpaB | Early | Translocon pore formation | High et al., 1992; Thirumalai et al., 1997; Page et al., 1999; Skoudy et al., 2000; Lafont et al., 2002; Yang et al., 2013; Suzuki et al., 2014b | |
| IpaC | Early | Translocon pore formation; Actin polymerization; Docking and effector induction. | Bârzu et al., 1997; Tran Van Nhieu et al., 1999; Osiecki et al., 2001; Terry et al., 2008; Mounier et al., 2009; Du et al., 2016; Russo et al., 2016 | |
| IpaD | Early | Activation of T3SS | Blocker et al., 1999; Arizmendi et al., 2016 | |
| IpaH0722 | E3 ubiquitin ligase | Ubiquitinates TRAF2 | Ashida et al., 2013 | |
| IpaH7.8 | Late | E3 ubiquitin ligase | Ubiquitinates glomulin | Suzuki et al., 2014a |
| IpaH9.8 | Late | E3 ubiquitin ligase | Ubiquitinates U2AF35 and NEMO/IKKγ | Okuda et al., 2005; Ashida et al., 2010 |
| IpaJ | Cysteine protease | Cleaves ARF1-GTP | Burnaevskiy et al., 2015; Dobbs et al., 2015 | |
| IpgB1 | Early | GEF | Activates Rac1 and Cdc42 | Ohya et al., 2005; Hachani et al., 2007; Huang et al., 2009 |
| IpgB2 | Early | GEF | Activates RhoA | Hachani et al., 2007; Huang et al., 2009; Klink et al., 2010 |
| IpgD | Early | Inositol 4-phosphatase | Converts PtdIns(4,5)P2 to PtdIns(5)P | Niebuhr et al., 2000; Mayo and Donner, 2001; Mellouk et al., 2014; Garza-Mayers et al., 2015 |
| OspB | Middle | Phosphorylation of ERK and p38 MAPK | Zurawski et al., 2009; Ambrosi et al., 2014; Lu et al., 2015 | |
| OspC1 | Middle | Phosphorylation of ERK | Zurawski et al., 2006 | |
| OspC3 | Early | Binds p19 | Kobayashi et al., 2013 | |
| OspD3 | Late | Enterotoxic activity | Farfán et al., 2011; Faherty et al., 2016 | |
| OspE1/2 | Late | Adhesin Interacts with ILK | Miura et al., 2006; Kim et al., 2009; Faherty et al., 2012a | |
| OspF | Middle | Phosphothr-eonine lyase | Dephosphorylates MAPKs | Arbibe et al., 2007; Li et al., 2007; Zhu et al., 2007 |
| OspG | Late | Kinase | Inhibits SCFβ−TrCP ubiquitinating IκBα | Kim et al., 2005; Zhou et al., 2013; Grishin et al., 2014; Pruneda et al., 2014 |
| OspI | Glutamine deamidase | Deamidates UBC13 | Sanada et al., 2012; Nishide et al., 2013 | |
| OspZ1–188 | Phosphorylation of ERK | Newton et al., 2010 | ||
| OspZ | Blocks p65 nuclear translocation | Zurawski et al., 2008; Nadler et al., 2010 | ||
| VirA | Middle | GAP | Inactivates Rab proteins | Germane et al., 2008; Dong et al., 2012; Campbell-Valois et al., 2015 |