Table 3.
Results summary for NRT and reproduction/development—fetal loss and spontaneous abortion
| CAF no.a | References | Comparisonb | Endpoint | Casesc | HR/RR/OR (95 % CI)d |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | Strandberg-Larsen et al. (2008) | Any NRT versus no NRT | Stillbirth | 8/487 | 0.57 (0.28–1.16)e |
| 13 | Pollak et al. (2007) | Any NRT + CBT versus CBT only | Fetal loss | 3/2 | 0.77 (0.13–4.48)f |
| 14 | Oncken et al. (2008) | Nicotine versus placebo gum | Fetal loss | 2/1 | 1.79 (0.17–19.44)f |
| Spontaneous abortion | 2/0 | 4.49 (0.22–92.19)f | |||
| 16 | Coleman et al. (2012b) | Nicotine versus placebo patch | Miscarriage | 3/2 | 1.52 (0.25–9.13)g |
| Stillbirth | 5/2 | 2.59 (0.50–13.40)g | |||
| 18 | Berlin et al. (2014) | Nicotine versus placebo patch | Stillbirth | 4/5 | 0.80 (0.22–2.94)f |
| Total fetal death | 8/7 | 1.14 (0.42–3.09)f | |||
| Meta-analysis of stillbirth/fetal loss | Fixed effect | 0.78 (0.45–1.33) | |||
| Random effects | 0.78 (0.45–1.33) | ||||
| Heterogeneity p | 0.51 | ||||
a CAF critical assessment form. CAF 3 is a prospective study, the others are clinical trials
b CBT cognitive behavioural therapy
cExposed/unexposed cases
d HR hazard ratio, OR odds ratio, RR relative risk
eHR adjusted for maternal age, socio-occupational status and smoking. The HR was noted to be unaffected by type of NRT used
fUnadjusted RR estimated from data provided
gOR adjusted for recruitment centre