. 2016 Oct 3;91(4):1565–1594. doi: 10.1007/s00204-016-1856-y

Table 5.

Results summary for NRT and reproduction/development—gestational age/small for gestational age

CAF no.^a	References	Comparison^b	Endpoint	Statistic (95 % CI)^c
13	Pollak et al. (2007)	Any NRT + CBT versus CBT only	Diff. in gestational age (wks)	−0.7 (–1.6 to 0.2)^d
			Small for gestational age	4.64 (0.25–84.7)^e
14	Oncken et al. (2008)	Nicotine versus placebo gum	Diff. in gestational age (wks)	0.9 (0.1–1.7)^d
16	Coleman et al. (2012b)	Nicotine versus placebo patch	Diff. in gestational age (wks)	0.0 (−0.2 to 0.3)^f
17	El-Mohandes et al. (2013)	Nicotine patch + CBT versus CBT only	Diff. in gestational age (wks)	1.0 (0.16 to 1.84)^d
18	Berlin et al. (2014)	Nicotine versus placebo patch	Diff. in gestational age (wks)	−0.22 (−0.82 to 0.38)^f
Weighted analysis of difference in gestational age (wks)			Mean	0.1 (−0.5 to 0.6)
			Heterogeneity p	p = 0.34

^a CAF critical assessment form. All studies are clinical trials

^b CBT cognitive behavioural therapy

^cFor difference in gestational age the mean difference is shown, and for small for gestational age the relative risk (RR)

^dUnadjusted mean difference estimated from data provided

^eUnadjusted RR estimated from data provided; based on 4 exposed and 0 unexposed cases

^fUnadjusted mean difference