Figure 6.

Simulations of the EVL/Surface Cell Transplantation Experiments

(A) Schematic of possible mechanisms involved in rescuing doming by transplanting WT EVL cells on pky mutants: (1) reduced surface tension of the transplanted WT EVL cells reduces blastoderm surface tension; (2) in addition to reduced surface tension, a friction force between transplanted EVL cells and adjacent deep cell layer is included; and (3) in addition to reduced surface tension and friction, radial contraction of the deep cell layer below the grafted EVL is locally increased.

(C) Corresponding mechanisms involved in pky mutant EVL transplants inhibiting doming in WT embryos: (1) increased surface tension in the grafted patch increases blastoderm surface tension, (2) in addition to increased surface tension, a friction force between EVL and deep cells is included, and (3) in addition to increase surface tension and friction, radial deep cell layer contraction below the grafted EVL is locally decreased.

(B–B″ and D–D″) Simulation of changes in either pky embryo shapes as a result of WT EVL transplantations (B) and (B″) or WT embryo shapes as a result of pky surface cell transplantations (D) and (D″), according to the three mechanisms described in (A) and (C). Left plots display embryo surface area and height with pale blue and red curves showing the experimental measurements, and dashed red and blue thick lines the simulation results. Right panels show simulated embryo shapes with black arrows outlining the blastoderm velocity field. Error bars, ±SD.

See also Figures S5 and Movie S6.