Table 1. Differences in the neurotoxicity mechanism of bupivacaine and procaine.

	ROS- superoxidation	ROS- peroxidation	DNA damage
Bup	++	+	++
Pro	+	++	+
Control	−	−	−

The superoxide anionic level after treatment with bupivacaine, which leads to more severe DNA damage, was higher than the level after treatment with procaine, while procaine produced more peroxidation than bupivacaine.