| Nanomaterials |
| silver nanomaterials |
antibacterial and anti-inflammatory
properties, and better appearance of healed wounds |
burn
wounds and diabetic ulcers |
(35,36) |
| copper nanoparticles |
antimicrobial activity and enhanced pace of wound healing (biosynthesized
copper nanoparticles) |
excisional wound in rat model |
(37) |
| cerium nanoparticles (nanoceria) |
antioxidant
properties and faster wound closure |
full-thickness murine
wounds |
(38) |
| nanosized bioactive glass particles |
inducing cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and wound closure |
in vitro wound-healing assay using cultured
human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) |
(39) |
| zinc oxide nanomaterials |
infection control in wound
healing, promoting angiogenesis, cell proliferation, and chemotaxis |
wound-healing assay using endothelial cells |
(40) |
| carbon-based nanomaterials |
antioxidant and anti-inflammatory
properties; affect cell proliferation |
in vitro assay using primary human keratinocytes |
(41) |
| Nanomaterials for Delivery of Therapeutic Agents |
| chitosan–pectin–titanium dioxide nanodressing |
antimicrobial, biocompatibility, and inherent bioactivity of
chitosan; mechanical and antibacterial properties of TiO2; gelling properties of pectin |
excisional wounds in
rats |
(42) |
| gold nanoparticles |
functionalized
with antibiotics, antioxidants and reactive oxygen species scavengers;
used for gene delivery |
diabetic murine wounds |
(43) |
| nanoparticles bearing nitric oxide |
acceleration
of wound closure, reducing inflammation, and increasing fibroblast
cells, collagen deposition, and neovascularization; antibiofilm activity |
wounds in nonobese, diabetic, immunodefficient NOD-SCID mice; Pseudomonas aeruginosa-infected murine excisional wounds |
(44,45) |
| lipids containing nanomaterials (e.g., liposomes) |
delivery
of phytodrugs with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties |
in vitro and in vivo models
of full-thickness skin defects |
(46) |
| metal (silver) incorporated electrospun mats |
reduction
of silver ions by the polymer-based fibers (polyvinyl alcohol); targeting chronic wound biofilms |
antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli
|
(47) |
| Scaffolds |
| poly(lactide-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)/silk fibroin (SF) hybrid nanofibrous scaffold |
L929 cells attachment and proliferation; optimization of the
ratio PLGA/SF is required |
excisional wound model in
diabetic rats |
(48) |
| gelatin and poly-ε-caprolactone
(PCL) nanofibers |
fabrication of the nanofibers using
needleless electrospinning technology; cell adhesion and proliferation |
full thickness wounds in rats |
(49) |
| fibrin–collagen–fibrin porous scaffold |
matrices for the motility of fibroblasts, keratinocytes, and epidermal
cells |
skin regeneration |
(50) |
| anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) |
highly ordered porous structure;
efficient synthesis; biocompatible, naturally inert, and nonreactive |
in vitro migration of keratinocytes |
(51,52) |
| Gene Therapy |
| dendrimers |
gene
therapy; delivery of minicircle plasmid DNA encoding vascular endothelial
growth factor (VEGF); enhancement of angiogenesis |
diabetic
murine wounds |
(53) |
| electrospun poly(l-lactide)
PLA and PCL nanofibers |
loaded with DNA plasmids encoding
keratinocyte growth factor; improvement in the rate of wound reepithelialization,
keratinocyte proliferation, and granulation response |
murine wounds |
(54) |
| spherical nucleic acid (SNA) gold
nanoparticles |
use of siRNA-based ganglioside-monosialic
acid 3 synthase (GM3S) SNA to knock down the expression of GM3S mRNA |
diabetic murine wounds |
(55) |
| Growth Factor Therapy |
| PLGA nanoparticles
loaded with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) |
combined effects of PLGA and VEGF; enhanced bioactivity of VEGF |
nondiabetic and diabetic murine wounds |
(56) |
| electrospun core/shell basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)/PCL–PEG
block copolymer fibers |
immobilization of EGF growth
factor on the nanofibers; dual release of bFGF and EGF for a higher
keratinocyte and fibroblast cellular proliferation |
diabetic
murine wounds |
(57) |
| Stem Cell Therapy |
| nanofiber scaffolds functionalized with bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal
stem cells (BM-MSCs) |
complete and earlier wound closure
than control group; involvement of BM-MSCs in epidermal differentiation |
acute full-thickness burn wounds |
(58) |
| aloe vera–PCL (AV/PCL) nanoscaffold with human umbilical cord
Wharton’s jelly stem cells (hWJSCs) |
synergistic
effect of stem cells and nanoscaffold combined with the antibacterial
effect of aloe vera |
excisional and diabetic murine wounds |
(59) |
