Table 2.
Random Effects Coefficients for Regression of Logged Air Pollution Concentration in Census Tract of Origin: PSID Householders 1990–1999
| Independent Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Individual and Family Level | ||||||||||
| Single Mother | 0.196 (0.022) |
*** | 0.123 (0.022) |
*** | 0.114 (0.022) |
*** | 0.095 (0.022) |
*** | 0.054 (0.022) |
* |
| Single Father | 0.053 (0.030) |
+ | 0.022 (0.030) |
0.017 (0.030) |
0.008 (0.030) |
−0.003 (0.030) |
||||
| Two Parent | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 0.557 (0.033) |
*** | 0.537 (0.033) |
*** | 0.510 (0.034) |
*** | 0.142 (0.038) |
*** | ||
| Hispanic | 0.451 (0.038) |
*** | 0.425 (0.039) |
*** | 0.409 (0.039) |
*** | 0.008 (0.043) |
|||
| Non-Hispanic White | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| Income-to-Need Ratio | −0.008 (0.003) |
** | −0.006 (0.003) |
* | 0.001 (0.003) |
|||||
| Education | −0.005 (0.003) |
−0.003 (0.003) |
0.004 (0.003) |
|||||||
| Age | −0.007 (0.005) |
−0.005 (0.005) |
||||||||
| Age Squared | 0.0001 (0.000) |
0.0001 (0.000) |
||||||||
| Number of Children | −0.0016 (0.008) |
−0.0082 (0.008) |
||||||||
| Homeowner (1=yes) | −0.0985 (0.018) |
*** | −0.0810 (0.018) |
*** | ||||||
| In Public Housing (1=yes) | 0.0135 (0.025) |
−0.0349 (0.026) |
||||||||
| Persons per Room | −0.0056 (0.018) |
−0.0201 (0.018) |
||||||||
| In Same House 3+ Years (1=yes) | 0.0127 (0.012) |
−0.0029 (0.012) |
||||||||
| Tract Level | ||||||||||
| % Non-Hispanic Black | 0.007 (0.000) |
*** | ||||||||
| % Latino | 0.011 (0.001) |
*** | ||||||||
| Avg. Rent (in 10000s) | 0.192 (0.788) |
|||||||||
| Avg. Property Value (in 10000s) | −0.004 (0.003) |
|||||||||
| Avg. Family Income (in 10000s) | −0.029 (0.010) |
** | ||||||||
| Year of Observation | −0.107 (0.002) |
*** | −0.106 (0.002) |
*** | −0.105 (0.002) |
*** | −0.104 (0.002) |
*** | −0.097 (0.003) |
*** |
| Constant | 5.349 (0.110) |
*** | 5.165 (0.111) |
*** | 5.257 (0.119) |
*** | 5.423 (0.151) |
*** | 5.379 (0.153) |
*** |
| Random Effects Parameters | ||||||||||
| MSA Intercept Std. Dev. | 1.732 | 1.743 | 1.743 | 1.745 | 1.768 | |||||
| Family Intercept Std. Dev. | 0.887 | 0.863 | 0.862 | 0.860 | 0.834 | |||||
| Residual Std. Dev. | 0.658 | 0.657 | 0.657 | 0.657 | 0.654 | |||||
| X2 | 2777.300 | *** | 3126.020 | *** | 3138.590 | *** | 3178.833 | *** | 3820.768 | *** |
| N observations | 23903 | 23903 | 23903 | 23903 | 23525 | |||||
| N families | 7050 | 7050 | 7050 | 7050 | 6968 |
†
p < .10,
*
p < .05,
**
p<.01,
***
p<.001