Table 2.
Qualitative Response Coding System for Object Function based on Top-down and Bottom-up Object Properties
| Top-Down-driven, Abstract Properties | Bottom-up-driven, Concrete Properties | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
| Use an object for its typical/common function (e.g., chair: to sit on) |
Use an object as (instead of, in the place of) a different tool to allow for a different function (different handling but not modification) (e.g., football: to use as a life saver) |
Modify an object to generate a different function based on the object’s bottom-up features/properties (i.e., properties of the object about which one does not need to already know and that are visible or available without that prior knowledge) (e.g., blanket: to use as a bag to carry things) |
Generate a different function for the object based on its bottom-up features/properties (i.e., properties of the object about which one does not need to already know and that are visible or available without that prior knowledge) (e.g., flashlight: to open a beer bottle) |
| Use an object with the same function in a different context (e.g., chair: to sit on, on the beach) |
Generate a new function for the object based on its top-down features/properties (i.e., properties of the object about which one already knows and that are not visible or available without that prior knowledge) (e.g., hairdryer: to blow leaves) |
Use an object in the place of a different object based on its bottom-up features/properties (i.e., properties of the object about which one does not need to already know and that are visible or available without that prior knowledge) (e.g., bowl: to use as a hat) |
Dissolve-deconstruct an object into its components (or materials) to allow for a different function based on its bottom-up features/properties (i.e., properties of the object about which one does not need to already know and that are visible or available without that prior knowledge) (e.g., chair: to burn as firewood) |
| Modify/deconstruct an object to allow for a new function based on its top-down features/properties (i.e., properties of the object about which one already knows and that are not visible or available without that prior knowledge) (e.g., football: cut it in half and use to collect water) |
Modify an object after a different object to allow for a different function based on its bottom-up features/properties (i.e., properties of the object about which one does not need to already know and that are visible or available without that prior knowledge) (e.g., tennis racket: add straps to use as snow-shoe) |
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