Table 2.
Studies using micro-CT for the analysis of the micro-architecture of rodent mandibular bone (20).
| Authors & year | Species, age and number | Experimental intervention | Follow-up | Region of interest | Variables | Scanning device | Software |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pramojanee et al., 2013 | Male Wistar rats (180–200 g) (n = 50) * Age not described |
High-fat diet in insulin-resistant obese rats | 12 weeks | M2 region in hemi-mandibles ROI: c.f. Abassy et al. (2010) described below |
TV, BV, BV/TV, Tb.Th, Tb.N, Tb.Sp, porosity | Skyscan 1072 (Aartselaar, Belgium) | CTAn (Skyscan) |
| Kuroshima et al., 2013 | Female 6 weeks old Sprague–Dawley rats (n = 48) | Injection of PTH | 28 days | Extraction sockets of M1 ROI: Dimensional change of the alveolar ridge by assessment of the ridge height relative to the cement-enamel junction and thickness of buccal and lingual bony plates |
BMD, Tb.Th, Tb. N, Tb.Sp, bone fill | - eXplore Locus SP Micro-CT (GE Healthcare, London, UK) - Micro-CT-100 (Scanco Medical, Bassersdorf, Switzerland) |
Skyscan built-in software |
| Shimizu Y et al., 2013 | Male 13 weeks old Wistar rats (n = 12) | Indirect loading via diet modification | 9 weeks | Interradicular alveolar bone of M1 ROI: area in between the apex of the mesial and distal roots that is limited by the borders of the septum. |
BV/TV, Tb.Th, Tb.N, MIL, Vm, Tb.W, Vt | SMX-100CT (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) | TRI/3-D-BON (Ratoc System Engineering, Tokyo, Japan) |
| Bouvard et al., 2013 | Male 5 months old Swiss–Webster mice (n = 20) | Administration of glucocorticoids (prednisolone) pellets (releasing 5 mg/kg/day) | 28 days | Right hemi-mandible a) ROI: 10 sagittal sections of centre of pulp chamber of M1 b) ROI: alveolar process surrounding the pulp chambers of 3 molars |
BV/TV, Tb.Th, Tb.N, Tb.Sp, Tb.Pf, SMI | Skyscan 1172 (Aartselaar, Belgium) | CTAn (Skyscan) |
| Donneys et al., 2012 | Male Sprague–Dawley rats (n = 8) * Age not described |
None | Information not provided | Left hemi-mandible ROI: Connective tissue surrounding roots of M1 and M2 (cortical bone shell not included in the analyses) |
BMD, mineralization total number of voxels, mineral heterogeneity | No information provided | MicroView 2.2 Software (Parallax Innovations Inc., Ilderton, Canada) |
| Mijares et al., 2012 | Female 2 months old Sprague–Dawley rats (n = 30) | Ingestion of synthetic bone mineral preparation in animals with mineral deficiency | 3 months | Left or right mandible: alveolar crestal bone, alveolar middle bone and mandible body ROI: cross sections provided by 25 slices mesial to M1 |
BV, TV, BV/TV, BMD, porosity | μCT40 (Scanco Medical, Bassersdorf, Switzerland) | μCT Software version 6.0 (Scanco Medical) |
| Zhang et al., 2011 | Female and male 70.5 days old mice (n = 28) | High-calcium diet | 40.5 days | Mesial of M1, M2 and M3 at different levels: a) ROI Buccal alveolar bone: the pear-shape alveolar bone bordered from the most concave point in the buccal surface b) ROI Cementum-dentine complex: whole area in apical 1/3 of the root |
Thickness, area, radiopacity, | No information provided | NIH shared software (Bethesda, Maryland, USA) |
| Shimizu et al., 2011 | Male 5 weeks old Wistar rats (n = 24) | Selective β-adrenergic receptor antagonist in animals with occlusal hypofunction simulation | 1 week | Interradicular alveolar bone of M1 ROI: bone by defining the borders of the septum between the roots |
BV/TV, Tb.Th, Tb.N | SMX-90CT (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) | TRI/3-D-BON (Ratoc System Engineering, Tokyo, Japan) |
| Bagi et al., 2011 | Female and male 5 months old (n = 24) - Mice (n = 12) - Rats (n = 12) |
No intervention (animals that received vehicles in previous studies) | Information not provided | Right mandible ROI: square area of trabecular bone below M1 and M2 (dimensions not described) |
TV, BV, BV/TV, Tb.Th, Tb.Sp, Tb.Co, BMD, C.Th, Ma.V | Viva CT 40mCT system (Scanco Medical, Bassersdorf, Switzerland) | Viva CT 40mCT software (Scanco Medical) |
| Enomoto et al., 2010 | Male 3 weeks old mice (n = 25) | Indirect loading by means of mastication force relative to diet patterns | 4 weeks | Mandibular body | Bone volume | SMX-100CT (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) | TRI/3-D-BON (Ratoc System Engineering) |
| Mavropoulos et al., 2010 | Male 21 days old Sprague–Dawley rats (n = 44) | Indirect loading by means of mastication during growth via diet modification | 27 weeks | Left hemi-mandible ROI: M1 trabecular bone, drawn on a slice-based method starting from the 1st slice displaying the crown of M1 and moving dorsally 100 slices. The trabecular bone was manually delineated on the first and the last slice. |
TV, BV, BS, Tb.Th, Tb.N | μCT40 (Scanco Medical, Bassersdorf, Switzerland) | μCT Software version 6.0 (Scanco Medical) |
| Abbassy et al., 2010 | Male 3 weeks old Wistar rats (n = 10) | Induction of type 1 diabetes mellitus by streptozotocin injection | 28 days | Left mandible ROI: M2 trabecular bone — drawn on a slice-based method starting from the 1st slice displaying the crown of M1 and moving dorsally 100 slices. Delineation of the bone in the area of the alveolar crest (between the buccal and lingual roots of M2 at the cervical region) and the buccal surface of the jaw bone. |
TV, BV, BS, BS/BV, Tb.Th, Tb.N, Tb.Sp, Tb.S | SMX-90CT (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) | MultiBP (Imagescript, Tokyo, Japan); TRI/3-D-BON (RATOC System Engineering, Tokyo, Japan) |
| Ames et al., 2010 | Female 6 months old Sprague–Dawley rats (n = 20) | Ovariectomized rats | 2 months | Tooth bearing 5 mm mandibular bone sections ROI: alveolar bone within 200 μm from the tooth |
Bone tissue mineral density based on histograms grey levels equivalent | Inveon (Siemens, München, Germany) | Software Image J (NIH shared software, USA) |
| Kingsmill et al., 2010 | Female 2 months old rats (n = 14) | Indirect Loading via diet modification: soft diet during growth | 8 or 20 weeks | Left Mandible ROI: molar region, from furcation of M1 to the furcation of M3 |
BV | No information provided | Imaris software (Bitplane AG, Zurich, Switzerland) |
| Kozai et al., 2010 | Male 10 weeks old Fisher rats (n = 24) | Prednisolone treatment (40 mg/kg) | 8 weeks | Mandible ROI: 100 slices from the medial root apex region of M1 |
BM, B.St, trabecular structure | MCT-100MF (Hitachi Medical Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) | TRI/3-D-BON (RATOC System Engineering, Tokyo, Japan) |
| Sheng et al., 2009 | Female 6 weeks old mice C57BL/6J (n = 28) - OPG−/− mice (n = 21) - Wild-type mice (n = 7) |
Zalendronate treatment (50 or 150 μg/kg) | 4 weeks | Trabecular and cortical bone a) ROI in trabecular region: mesial region of M1 to distal limit of M3, excluding the molar and incisor roots b) ROI in cortical area: square area of 1.5 × 1.5 mm2 in the buccal region of mandibular body |
BMD, BV/TV, Tb.Th, Tb.N, Conn.D, Tb.Sp, SMI | eXplore Locus SP (GE Healthcare, Waukesha, USA) | Modified Feldkamp cone beam algorithm |
| Tanaka et al., 2007 | Male 3 weeks old Wistar rats (n = 15) | Standard diet versus soft diet | 9 weeks | Anterior and posterior region in the mandibular body of right mandible ROI: 4 selected regions cortical bone on the buccal side of the approx. 1 mm3 (15 × 15 × 15 μm3 voxels) |
BV; TV; BV/TV | μCT40 (Scanco Medical, Bassersdorf, Switzerland) | μCT Software version 6.0 (Scanco Medical) |
| Ravosa et al., 2007 | Male 6 months old mice (n = 21) - Myostatin-deficient (n = 11) - Wild-type (n = 10) |
Elevated masticatory loads | 6 months | Mandible — coronal sections a) ROI in the symphysis: along the symphyseal articular surface, outer surface of cortical bone and among incisor tissues b) ROI in the corpus: along the outer surface of the cortical bone, among incisor issues and molar tissues |
Bone density (Biomineralization) | μCT40 (Scanco Medical, Bassersdorf, Switzerland) | No information provided |
| Mavropoulos et al., 2007 | Female 6 months old Sprague–Dawley rats (n = 44) | Sham and OVX rats fed with pair-fed isocaloric diets containing 15% or 2.5% casein | 16 weeks | Mandible ROI: Slice-based method starting from 1st slice displaying the crown of M1 and moving dorsally 100 slices |
BMD, BV/TV, Tb.Th, Tb.N | μCT40 (Scanco Medical, Bassersdorf, Switzerland) | No information provided |
| Mavropoulos et al., 2004 | Male 3 weeks old albino Sprague–Dawley rats (n = 36) | Hard diet versus soft diet with upper posterior bite block in situ | 6 weeks | Left mandible ROI: Crown of M1, 100 slices dorsally |
TV, BV, Tb.Th, Tb.N, Tb.Sp | μCT40 (Scanco Medical, Bassersdorf, Switzerland) | No information provided |
M1, first molar; M2, second molar; M3, third molar; BV/TV or BVF, bone volume fraction; Tb.Th, trabecular thickness; Tb.N, trabecular number; Tb.Sp, trabecular separation; Tb.S, trabecular space; Tb.Pf, trabecular pattern factor; SMI, structure model index; DA, degree of anisotropy; BMD, bone mineral density; MIL, mean intercept length; Tb.Co, trabecular connectivity; TB.W, trabecular width; Vm, marrow space star volume; Vt, trabecular star volume; C.Th, cortical thickness; Ma.V, marrow volume; BS, bone surface; BS/BV, bone surface/bone volume; BM, bone mass.