Table 1. Key messages suggested by the recent advances in pediatric ventilator assistance.

Optimization/ individualization of MV	To limit ventilator-induced lung injury using transpulmonary pressure and volumetric capnography monitoring
	To limit diaphragmatic dysfunction by monitoring electrical activity of the diaphragm
	To better identify the timing of extubation with spontaneous breathing trials using CPAP mode or T-Tube
Modes of MV	To consider NAVA to improve patient–ventilator interaction
	To still consider high-frequency oscillatory ventilation in the most severe pediatric ARDS not adequately supported with optimally set conventional ventilation
NIV	To consider NIV as a first-line support in many pathologies
	To consider high-flow nasal cannula to improve comfort and tolerance of NIV
	To select the optimal interface according to the patient among all that are available nowadays

ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; CPAP, continuous positive airway pressure; MV, mechanical ventilation; NAVA, neurally adjusted ventilatory assist; NIV, noninvasive ventilation.