Table 1.
Refs | # of samples |
Population | Catheter duration |
Method | % No detectable bacteria |
% Single species | % Polymicrobial |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Armbruster, 2016 [88] | 182a | Nursing home patients | 3 to 360 days | Urine culture | 0b | 69 | 31 |
Breitenbucher, 1984 [11] | 15a | Nursing home patients | ≥1 year | Urine culture | 0c | 14 | 86 |
Dedeic-Ljubovic and Hukic, 2009 [94] | 1809a | Hospitalized patients with spinal cord injuries |
unknown | Urine culture | 6 | 48 | 46 |
Frank et al., 2009 [95] | 8 | Men catheterized after total prostatectomy | 2 weeks | rRNA sequencing of catheter surface |
12 | 0 | 88 |
Ganderton et al., 1992 [84] | 50 | Nursing home patients | 3 to 83 days (median 35 days) |
Culture of catheter surface |
0c | 25 | 75 |
Holá et al., 2010 [96] | 535 | Hospital patients | NSd | Sonication and culture of catheters |
0b | 13 | 87 |
Macleod and Stickler, 2007 [12] | 106 | Patients in hospitals or community care | NSd | Sonication and culture of catheters |
0b | 28 | 72 |
Matsukawa et al., 2005 [97] | 86 | Elderly men | 1–35 days (mean of 3) |
Culture of catheter swabs |
46.5 | 39.5 | 14 |
Matsukawa et al., 2005 [97] | 86 | Elderly men | 1–35 days (mean of 3) |
Urine culture | 70 | 21 | 9 |
Tenney and Warren, 1987 [98] | 7 | Afebrile patients | >30 days | Urine culture | 14 | 0 | 86 |
Warren et al., 1982 [15] | 619a | Patients in a chronic care facility | ≥1 month | Urine culture | 2 | 21 | 77 |
Multiple samples from the same patients were included in the analysis.
Only culture-positive samples were assessed.
Study does not state whether there were samples with no detectable bacteria.
NS, not specified.