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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Trends Microbiol. 2016 Dec 22;25(4):304–315. doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2016.11.015

Table 1.

Studies Assessing the Prevalence of Polymicrobial Infections of Indwelling Catheters

Refs # of
samples		 Population Catheter
duration		 Method % No detectable
bacteria		 % Single species % Polymicrobial
Armbruster, 2016 [88] 182a Nursing home patients 3 to 360 days Urine culture 0b 69 31
Breitenbucher, 1984 [11] 15a Nursing home patients ≥1 year Urine culture 0c 14 86
Dedeic-Ljubovic and Hukic, 2009 [94] 1809a Hospitalized patients with spinal cord
injuries		 unknown Urine culture 6 48 46
Frank et al., 2009 [95] 8 Men catheterized after total prostatectomy 2 weeks rRNA sequencing
of catheter surface		 12 0 88
Ganderton et al., 1992 [84] 50 Nursing home patients 3 to 83 days
(median
35 days)		 Culture of catheter
surface		 0c 25 75
Holá et al., 2010 [96] 535 Hospital patients NSd Sonication and culture
of catheters		 0b 13 87
Macleod and Stickler, 2007 [12] 106 Patients in hospitals or community care NSd Sonication and culture
of catheters		 0b 28 72
Matsukawa et al., 2005 [97] 86 Elderly men 1–35 days
(mean of 3)		 Culture of catheter
swabs		 46.5 39.5 14
Matsukawa et al., 2005 [97] 86 Elderly men 1–35 days
(mean of 3)		 Urine culture 70 21 9
Tenney and Warren, 1987 [98] 7 Afebrile patients >30 days Urine culture 14 0 86
Warren et al., 1982 [15] 619a Patients in a chronic care facility ≥1 month Urine culture 2 21 77
a

Multiple samples from the same patients were included in the analysis.

b

Only culture-positive samples were assessed.

c

Study does not state whether there were samples with no detectable bacteria.

d

NS, not specified.