FIG 3.

Antimicrobial activities of gallium(III). (A) MDMs were incubated with GaTP or GaNP for 24 h, following which the cultures were washed free of extracellular drug. At days 1, 5, 10, and 15 following drug treatment, these MDMs, as well as control MDMs that had not been exposed to drug, were then infected with M. tuberculosis (H37Ra; MOI = 1) for 4 h, and then the M. tuberculosis bacteria were allowed to grow for 2 days. (B, C) M. tuberculosis (B) and HIV-1 (C) growth inhibition in infected THP-1 macrophages by Ga nanoparticles. THP-1 macrophages were infected with H37Ra strain (MOI = 1) or HIV-1 (MOI = 0.01) and then incubated with GaNP for 24 h. Growth inhibition was monitored over time by determining the number of CFU for M. tuberculosis and by an RT assay for HIV-1. Ga was used in the form of GaTP (300 μM) or GaNP (300 μM). Data represent the mean ± standard error of the mean for triplicate wells (n = 3). Statistically significant differences were determined using Student's t test. **, P < 0.01 compared with the non-drug-treated control; ***, P < 0.001 compared with the non-drug-treated control; ****, P < 0.0001 compared with the non-drug-treated control.